Genus: Carya
Nomenclature
Carya Nutt., Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 2: 220. 1818, nom. cons. TYPE: Not designated.Scoria Raf., New York Med. Rep. hex. 2, 5: 352. 1808 (typographic error for Hicoria). Hicorius Raf., Fl. Ludov. 109. 1817, nom. rej. (also spelled “Hicoria,” “Hicorya”). TYPE: Unknown.
Key to the species of Carya
1. Buds sulfur-yellow; leaflets generally 9...Carya cordiformis1. Buds brown; leaflets generally 7 or less...2
2. Leaflets generally 7...3
2. Leaflets
generally 5...4
3. Leaflets, petioles, and rachises glabrous...Carya ovalis (included with Carya glabra by
some authorities)
3. Leaflets, petioles, and rachises pubescent...Carya tomentosa
4. Bark of mature trees smooth; husks of fruit 2-4 mm
thick...Carya glabra
4. Bark on
mature trees shaggy, exfoliating in large strips and plates; husks of fruit 4-8
mm thick...Carya ovata
List of Carya Species
References to Carya
- Abrams, M. D.; Kubiske, M. E.; Mostoller, S. A. 1994. Relating wet and dry year ecophysiology to leaf structure in contrasting temperate tree species. Ecology 75: 123-33.
- Ames, O. I. 1939. Survey of hurricane damage at Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Arborist's News 4(1): 5-6.
- Anonymous 1886. Proceedings of the Club. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 13: 228.
- Anonymous 1977. Shagbark hickory, Carya ovata. Walnut family (Juglandaceae). Morton Arbor. Quart. 13(3): 45.
- Ashe, W. W. 1923. The common names of some trees. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 39: 89-91.
- Auganbaugh, J. 1967. All about hickory. Amer. Forests 73: 29, 30, 42, 44, 46.
- Barnett, R. J. 1976. Interactions between tree squirrels and oaks and hickories: the ecology of seed predation. Ph.D. Dissertation Duke Univ., Durham, NC,
- Barnett, R. J. 1977. The effect of burial by squirrels on germination and survival of oak and hickory nuts. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 98: 319-30.
- Barton, L. V. 1936. Seedling production in Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch, Juglans cinerea L., and Juglans nigra L. Contr. Boyce Thompson Inst. Pl. Res. 8: 1-5.
- Bell, D. T.; Johnson, F. L. 1975. Phenological patterns in the trees of the streamside forest. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 102: 187-93.
- Berry, E. W. 1912. Notes on the geological history of the walnuts and hickories. Pl. World 15: 225-40.
- Boerner, R. E. J.; Brinkman, J. A. 1996. Ten years of tree seedling establishment and mortality in an Ohio deciduous forest complex. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 123: 309-17.
- Britton, Nathaniel L. 1888. The genus Hicoria of Rafinesque. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 277-85.
- Bruederle, L. P.; Stearns, F. W. 1985. Ice storm damage to a southern Wisconsin mesic forest. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 112(2): 167-75.
- Brundrett, M.; Murase, G.; Kendrick, B. 1990. Comparative anatomy of roots and mycorrhizae of common Ontario trees. Canad. J. Bot. 68: 551-78. (French summary)
- Brush, W. D. 1947. Shellbark hickory, Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) Loud. Amer. Forests 53: 364-5.
- Carpenter, S. B.; Smith, N. D. 1975. Stomatal distribution and size in southern Appalachian hardwoods. Canad. J. Bot. 53: 1153-6.
- Cody, W. J. 1982. A comparison of the northern limits of distribution of some vascular plant species found in southern Ontario. Naturaliste Canad. 109: 63-90.
- Coladoanto, M. 1992. Carya cordiformis. ()
- Coladoanto, M. 1992. Carya tomentosa. ()
- Collingwood, G. H. 1937. Pignut hickory, Hicoria glabra (Miller) Sweet. Amer. Forests 43: 546-7.
- Collingwood, G. H. 1937. Shagbark hickory, Hicoria ovata (Miller) Britton. Amer. Forests 43: 298-9.
- Collingwood, G. H. 1942. Mockernut hickory. Amer. Forests 48: 464-5.
- Collingwood, G. H. 1943. Bitternut hickoty. Amer. Forests 49: 494-5.
- Collingwood, G. H. 1943. Pecan. Amer. Forests 49: 592-3.
- Conde, L. F.; Stone, D. E. 1970. Seedling morphology in the Juglandaceae, the cotyledonary node. J. Arnold Arbor. 51: 463-77.
- Cook, O. F. 1923. Evolution of compound leaves in walnuts and hickories. J. Heredity 14: 77-88.
- Cormier, C. R. 1987. Range extension for Carya cordiformis in New England. Rhodora 89(860): 441.
- Cornwall, G. W.; Mosby, H. S. 1966. The eastern gray squirrel.
- Croxton, W. C. 1939. A study of the tolerance of trees to breakage by ice accumulation. Ecology 20: 71-3. (spp. table reprinted in Arborist's News 4(3):24. 1939.)
- Davison, S. E. 1981. Tree seedling survivorship at Hutcheson Memorial Forest New Jersey. William L. Hutcheson Memorial For. Bull. 6: 4-7.
- Day, F. P.; Monk, C. D. 1977. Net primary production and phenology on a Southern Appalachian watershed. Amer. J. Bot. 64: 1117-25.
- Delavan, C. C. 1916. The relation of the storage of the seeds of some of the oaks and hickories to their germination. Rep. Michigan Acad. Sci. 17: 161-3.
- Dolan, R. W. 1994. Effects of proscribed burn on tree- and herb-layer vegetation in a post oak (Quercus stellata) dominated flatwoods. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 103: 25-32.
- Elias, T. S. 1972. The genera of Juglandaceae in the southeastern United States J. Arnold Arbor. 53: 26-51.
- Fleming, P.; Kanal, R. 1992. Newly documented species of vascular plants in the District of Columbia. Castanea 57: 132-46.
- Gager, C. S. 1908. Teratological notes. Torreya 8: 132-6.
- George, M. F.; Burke, M. J. 1977. Cold hardiness and deep supercooling in xylem of shagbark hickory. Pl. Physiol. (Lancaster) 59: 319-25.
- Gibbon, E. L. 1972. The taxonomic and ecological distinctness of Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch variety ovata and C. ovata variety australis (Ashe) Little. Ph.D. Dissertation North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC,
- Good, N. F.; Good, R. E. 1972. Population dynamics of tree seedlings and saplings in a mature eastern hardwood forest. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 99: 172-8.
- Grauke, L. J.; Pratt, J. W.; Mahler, W. J.; Ajayi, A. O. 1986. (808) Proposal to conserve the name of pecan as Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch and reject the orthographic variant Carya illinoinensis (Wang.) K. Koch (Juglandaceae). Taxon 35: 174-7.
- Greene, D. F.; Johnson, E. A. 1994. Estimating the mean annual seed production of trees. Ecology 75: 642-7.
- Hans, A. S. 1970. Chromosome numbers in the Juglandaceae. J. Arnold Arbor. 51: 534-9.
- Hardin, J. W. 1952. The Juglandaceae and Corylaceae of Tennessee. Castanea 17: 78-89.
- Hardin, J. W.; Stone, D. E. 1984. Atlas of foliar surface features in woody plants, VI. Carya (Juglandaceae) of North America. Brittonia 36: 140-53.
- Heaslip, M. B. 1959. Effects of seed irradiation on germination and seedling growth of certain deciduous trees. Ecology 40(3): 383-8.
- Heimsch, C. H.; Wetmore, R. H. 1939. The significance of wood anatomy in the taxonomy of the Juglandaceae. Amer. J. Bot. 26: 651-60.
- Hill, J. F. 1982. Spacing of parenchyma bands in wood of Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet, pignut hickory, as an indicator of growth rate and climatic factors. Amer. J. Bot. 69: 529-37.
- Hitchcock, A. S. 1893. The opening of the buds of some woody plants. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. 6(5): 133-41.
- Holch, A. E. 1931. Development of roots and shoots of certain deciduous tree seedlings in different forest sites. Ecology 12(2): 259-98.
- Holm, T. 1921. Morphological study of Carya alba and Juglans nigra. Bot. Gaz. 72: 375-89.
- Hupp, C. R. 1986. Upstream variation in bottomland vegetation patterns, northwestern Virginia. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 113: 421-30.
- Hutchinson, A. H. 1918. Limiting factors in relation to specific ranges of tolerance of forest trees. Bot. Gaz. 66: 465-93.
- Isenberg, I. H. 1956. Papermaking fibers. Econ. Bot. 10(2): 176-93.
- Jaynes, R. A. (eds.) (1969): 1969. Handbook of North American nut trees. Northern Nut Growers Association, Knoxville, TN. , 421 pages.
- Kasmer, J.; Kasmer, P.; Ware, S. 1984. Edaphic factors and vegetation in the piedmont lowland of southeastern Pennsylvania. Castanea 49: 147-57.
- Keever, C. 1973. Distribution of major forest species in southeastern Pennsylvania. Ecol. Monogr. 43: 303-27.
- Koidzumi, G. 1937. On the classification of Juglandaceae. Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 6: 1-17.
- Kribs, D. A. 1927. Comparative anatomy of the woods of the Juglandaceae. Trop. Woods 12: 16-21.
- Langdon, L. M. 1931. Development and vascular organization of foliar organs of Carya cordiformis. Bot. Gaz. 91: 277-94.
- Langdon, L. M. 1934. Embryology of Carya and Juglans, a comparative study. Bot. Gaz. 96: 93-117.
- Langdon, L. M. 1939. Ontogenetic and anatomical studies of the flower and fruit of the Fagaceae and Juglandaceae. Bot. Gaz. 101: 301-327.
- Latham, R. E. 1992. Co-occurring tree species change rank in seedling performance with resources varied experimentally. Ecology 73: 2129-44.
- Lawrey, J. D. 1977. Trace metal accumulation by plant species from a coal strip-mining area in Ohio. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 104: 368-375.
- Lemon, P. C. 1961. Forest ecology of ice storms. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 88(1): 21-9.
- Leone, I. A.; Flower, F. B.; Arthur, J. J.; Gilman, E. F. 1977. Damage to woody species by anaerobic landfill gases. J. Arboric. 3(12): 221-5.
- Leroy, J. F. 1955. Etude sur la Juglandacees. A la recherche d'une conception morphologique de la fleur femelle et du fruit. Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Ser. B Bot. 6: 1-246.
- Little, E. L. 1943. Notes on the nomenclature of Carya. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 29: 493-508.
- Little, E. L. 1969. Two varietal transfers in Carya (hickory). Phytologia 19: 186-90.
- Liu, Y.; Muller, R. N. 1993. Effect of drought and frost on radial growth of overstory and understory stems in a deciduous forest. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 129: 19-25.
- Lumis, G. P.; Hofstra, G.; Hall, R. 1973. Sensitivity of roadside trees and shrubs to aerial drift of deicing salt. Hortscience 8: 475-7.
- Lumis, G. P.; Hofstra, G.; Hall, R. 1975. Salt damage to roadside plants. J. Arboric. 1(1): 14-6.
- Manchester, S. R. 1987. The fossil history of the Juglandaceae. Missouri Botanic Garden, St. Louis. , 137 pages.
- Manning, W. E. 1950. A key to the hickories north of Virginia with notes on the two pignuts, Carya glabra and C. ovalis. Rhodora 52: 188-99.
- Manning, W. E. 1973. The northern limit of the distribution of the mockernut hickory. Michigan Bot. 12: 203-9.
- Manning, W. E. 1938. The morphology of the flowers of Juglandaceae. I. The inflorescence. Amer. J. Bot. 25: 407-19.
- Manning, W. E. 1940. The morphology of the flowers of Juglandaceae. II. The pistillate flowers and fruits. Amer. J. Bot. 27: 839-52.
- Manning, W. E. 1948. The morphology of the flowers of Juglandaceae. III. The staminate flowers. Amer. J. Bot. 35: 606-21.
- Manning, W. E. 1948. A hybrid between shagbark and bitternut hickory in southeastern Vermont. Rhodora 50(591): 60-2.
- Manning, W. E. 1949. The status of Hicoria borealis Ashe. Rhodora 51: 85-9.
- Manning, W. E. 1973. The northern limits of the distribution of hickories in New England. Rhodora 75(801): 34-51.
- Manning, W. E. 1962. Branched pistillate inflorescences in Juglans and Carya. Amer. J. Bot. 49: 975-7.
- Manning, W. E. 1979. The classification within the Juglandaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 65(4): 1058-87.
- Manning, W. E. 1926. The morphology and anatomy of the flowers of the Juglandaceae. Ph.D. Dissertation Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY132 p.
- Manning, W. E. 1982. Additional records of hickories in New England. Rhodora 84: 304-5.
- Manning, W. E. 1978. The classification within the Juglandaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 65: 1058-87.
- Manning, W. E. 1955. The distribution of the sand hickory, Carya pallida, in New Jersey. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 82: 503-4.
- Manning, W. E. 1969. The big shellbark hickory in central Pennsylvania. Proc. Pennsylvania Acad. Sci. 43: 88-9.
- Martin, W. L.; Sharik, T. L.; Oderwald, R. G.; Smith, D. W. 1982. Phytomass: structural relationships for woody plant species in the understory of an Appalachian oak forest. Canad. J. Bot. 60: 1923-7.
- Maycock, P. F. 1963. The phytosociology of the deciduous forests of extreme southern Ontario. Canad. J. Bot. 41: 379-438.
- McCarthy, B. C. 1994. Experimental studies of hickory recruitment in a wooded hedgerow and forest. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 121: 240-50.
- McCarthy, B. C. 1990. Reproductive ecology of Carya ovata and C. tomentosa (Juglandaceae): determinants of flower and fruit production. Ph.D. Dissertation Rutgers Univ., New Jersey,
- McCarthy, B. C.; Quinn, J. A. 1989. Within- and among-tree variation in flower and fruit production in two species of Carya (Juglandaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 76: 1015-23.
- McCarthy, B. C.; Quinn, J. A. 1990. Reproductive ecology of Carya (Juglandaceae): Phenology, pollination, and breeding system of two sympatric tree species. Amer. J. Bot. 77: 261-73.
- McCarthy, B. C.; Quinn, J. A. 1992. Fruit maturation patterns of Carya spp. (Juglandaceae): An intra-crown analysis of growth and reproduction. Oecologia 91: 30-8.
- McCarthy, B. C.; Wistendahl, W. A. 1988. Hickory (Carya spp.) distribution and replacement in a second-growth oak hickory forest of southeastern Ohio. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 119: 156-64.
- McDaniel, J. C. 1956. The pollination of Juglandaceae varieties - Illinois observations and review of earlier studies. Northern Nut Growers Ann. Rept. 47: 118-32.
- McInteer, B. B. 1947. Soil preference of some plants as seen in Kentucky. Castanea 12: 1-8.
- Meurer-Grimes, B. 1995. New evidence for the systematic significance of acylated spermidines and flavonoids in pollen of higher Hamamelidae. Brittonia 47(2): 130-42.
- Minckler, L. S.; Jensen, C. E. 1959. Reproduction of upland central hardwoods as affected by cutting, topography, and litter depth. J. Forest. 57: 424-8.
- Mitchell, A. 1976. Tree genera: 4. The walnut family. Arboric. J. 2(10): 457-61.
- Mitchell, A. F. 1971. Identifying the hickories. Int. Dendrol. Soc. Year Book 1970: 32-4.
- Mitchell, R. S. (eds.) (1988): 1988. Platanaceae through Myricaceae of New York State. New York State Museum Bull. No. 464. The University of the State of New York, the State Education Department, Albany. , 98 pages.
- Monk, C. D. 1981. Age structure of Carya tomentosa (Poir.) Nutt. in a young oak forest. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 106: 189-91.
- Myster, R. W. 1994. Contrasting litter effects on old field tree germination and emergence. Vegetatio 114: 169-174.
- Myster, R. W. 1993. Effects of litter, distance, density and vegetation patch type on postdispersal tree seed predation in old fields. Oikos 66: 381-388.
- Myster, R. W.; McCarthy, B. C. 1989. Effects of herbivory and competition on survival of Carya tomentosa (Juglandaceae) seedlings. Oikos 56: 145-8.
- Nagel, K. 1914. Studien uber die Familie der Juglandaceen. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 50: 459-530. (In German)
- Noack, H. 1996. Das Portrait: Carya ovata (Miller) K. Koch, shagbark hickory, shellbark hickory, Schindelborkige Hickorynuss, Schuppenrinden-Hickorynuss. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 82: 195-9. (In German)
- Pammel, L. H.; King, C. M. 1918. The germination of some trees and shrubs and their juvenile forms. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 25: 291-340.
- Rankin, W. T.; Pickett, S. T. A. 1989. Time of establishment of red maple (Acer rubrum) in early oldfield succession. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 116: 182-6. (Also Carya, Juniperus, Nyssa, Prunus, & Quercus)
- Reed, C. A. 1945. Hickory species and stock studies at the Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, MD. Northern Nut Growers Ann. Rept. 35: 88-121.
- Rehder, A. A. 1945. Carya alba proposed as nomen ambiguum. J. Arnold Arbor. 26: 482-3.
- Rhoads, A. F. 1976. Forest species show a delayed response to cement dust in the soil. J. Arboric. 2(10): 197-9.
- Ricklefs, R. E.; Matthew, K. K. 1982. Chemical characteristics of the foliage of some deciduous trees in southeastern Ontario. Canad. J. Bot. 60: 2037-45.
- Riebsomer, J. L.; Larson, R.; Bishman, L. 1940. The composition of the fatty oil from Carya cordiformis nuts. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 62: 3065-6.
- Robinson, B. L. 1908. Notes on the vascular plants of the northeastern United States. Rhodora 10: 29-35.
- Robison, S. A.; McCarthy, B. C. 1999. Growth responses of Carya ovata (Juglandaceae) seedlings to experimental sun patches. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 141: 69-84.
- Rowlee, W. W.; Hastings, G. T. 1898. The seeds and seedlings of some Amentiferae. Bot. Gaz. 26: 349-53.
- Sargent, C. S. 1918. Notes on North American trees. II. Carya. Bot. Gaz. 66: 229-58.
- Sargent, C. S. 1889. Notes upon some North American trees- XI. Carya. Gard. & Forest 2: 459-60.
- Scott, T. G. 1955. Dietary patterns of red and gray foxes. Ecology 36: 366-7.
- Sears, P. B. 1942. Postglacial migration of five forest genera. Amer. J. Bot. 29: 684-91.
- Shen, A. P. 1973. Interactions among mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosa, Juglandaceae) and its seed predators (Conotrachelus affinis and Curculio caryae, Curculionidae, Coleoptera). , Thesis Ohio State Univ., Columbus,
- Shuhart, D. V. 1932. Inner sculpturing of the fruit of Juglandaceae. Proc. Oklahoma Acad. Sci. 12: 17-8.
- Smith, C. C.; Follmer, D. 1972. Food preferences of squirrels. Ecology 53: 82-91.
- Sork, V. L. 1983. Mammalian seed dispersal of pignut hickory during three fruiting seasons. Ecology 64: 1049-56.
- Sork, V. L. 1983. Distribution of pignut hickory (Carya glabra) along a forest to edge transect, and factors affecting seedling recruitment. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 110: 494-506.
- Sork, V. L. 1983. Mast-fruiting in hickories and availability of nuts. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 109: 81-8.
- Sork, V. L. 1979. Demographic consequences of mammalian seed dispersal for pignut hickory. Ph.D. Dissertation Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor,
- Stalter, R. 1971. Arborescent preference of Phoradendron flavescens. Castanea 36: 61-. (Also Carya)
- Stark, E. W. 1953. Wood anatomy of the Juglandaceae indigenous to the United States. Purdue Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 595: 1-42.
- Stone, D. E. 1961. Ploidal level and stomatal size in the American hickories. Brittonia 13(3): 293-302.
- Stone, D. E. 1963. Pollen size in hickories (Carya). Brittonia 15(3): 208-14.
- Stone, D. E. 1970. Evolution of cotyledonary and nodal vasculature in the Juglandaceae Amer. J. Bot. 57: 1219-25.
- Stone, D. E.; Adrouny, G.; Flake, R. 1969. New World Juglandaceae. II. Hickory nut oils, phenetic similarities and evolutionary implications in the genus Carya. Amer. J. Bot. 56: 928-35.
- Talalay, L.; Keller, D. R.; Munson, P. J. 1984. Hickory nuts, walnuts, butternuts, and hazelnuts: observations and experiments relevant to their aboriginal exploitation in eastern North America. In: Experiments and observations in aboriginal wild food utilization in eastern North America. Vol. 6(2). Vol. Prehistoric Research Series. Indiana Historical Soc., Indianapolis, IN. ,
- Thomas, W. A. 1975. Accumulation of rare earths and circulation of cerium by mockernut hickory trees. Canad. J. Bot. 53(12): 1159-65. (Also Acer, Liriodendron, Nyssa, & Quercus)
- Thompson, T. E.; Grauke, L. J. 1990. Pecans and other hickories (Carya). In: Genetic Resources of Temperate Fruit and Nut Crops. Vol. 2. Wageningen. , 837-904 pages.
- Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya glabra. ()
- Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya ovata. ()
- Trelease, W. 1896. Juglandaceae of the United States. Annual Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. 7: 25-46.
- Ware, S. 1992. Where are all the hickories in the Piedmont Oak-Hickory Forest? Castanea 57: 4-12.
- Warrillow, M.; Mou, P. 1999. Ice storm damage to forest tree species in the ridge and valley region of southwestern Virginia. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 126: 147-158.
- Whitehead, D. R. 1963. Pollen morphology in the Juglandaceae. I. Pollen size and pore number variation. J. Arnold Arbor. 44: 101-10.
- Whitehead, D. R. 1965. Pollen morphology in the Juglandaceae. II. Survey of the family. J. Arnold Arbor. 46: 369-410.
- Woodroof, J. G. 1979. Tree nuts: production, processing, products. AVI Publ. Co., Westport, CT. , 731 pages.
- Woodworth, R. H. 1930. Meiosis of microsporogenesis in the Juglandaceae. Amer. J. Bot. 17: 863-9.