Family: Hamamelidaceae

Hamamelis virginiana
Hamamelis virginiana   L.  -  Witch-hazel
Photo © by Peter Nelson
Taken in Greenfield, MA, 1966.

By Steven D. Glenn & Angela Steward

Not peer reviewed

Last Modified 02/06/2013

Key to the genera of Hamamelidaceae

1. Shrub or small tree; leaves crenate...Hamamelis
1. Tree; leaves palmately lobed...Liquidambar

List of Hamamelidaceae Genera

References to Hamamelidaceae

  • Anderson, E.; Sax, K. 1935. Chromosome numbers in the Hamamelidaceae and their phylogenetic significance. J. Arnold Arbor. 16: 210-5.
  • Anderson, G. J.; Hill, J. D. 2002. Many to flower, few to fruit: the reproductive biology of Hamamelis virginiana. Amer. J. Bot. 89: 67-78.
  • Angelo, R.; Boufford, D. E. 2010. Atlas of the flora of New England: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Rhodora 112: 244-326.
  • Angelov, M. N. et.al. 1996. Long- and short-term flooding effects on survival and sink-source relationships of swamp-adapted tree species. Tree Physiology 16: 477-484.
  • Baillon, H. 1871. Nouvelles notes sur les Hamamelidees. Adansonia 10: 120-37. (In French)
  • Baillon, H. 1871. Saxifragacees. Hist. Pl. 3: 325-464. (In French; see English translation by M.M. Hartog, Nat. Hist. Pl. 3: 323-464. 1874)
  • Battaglia, L. L.; Fore, S. A.; Sharitz, R. R. 2000. Seedling emergence, survival and size in relation to light and water availability in two bottomland hardwood species. J. Ecol. 88: 1041-1050.
  • Berry, E. W. 1920. The geological history of the sweet gum and witch hazel. Pl. World 22: 345-54.
  • Boerner, R. E. J. 1985. Foliar nutrient dynamics, growth, and nutrient use efficiency of Hamamelis virginiana in three forest microsites. Canad. J. Bot. 63: 1476-81.
  • Bogle, A. 1970. Floral morphology and vascular anatomy of the Hamamelidaceae: the apetalous genera of Hamamelidoidae. J. Arnold Arbor. 51: 310-66.
  • Bogle, A. L. 1986. The floral morphology and vascular anatomy of the Hamamelidaceae: subfamily Liquidambaroideae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 73: 325-47.
  • Bogle, A. L. 1968. Floral vascular anatomy and the nature of the hamamelidaceous flower. Ph.D. Dissertation Univ. Minnesota, St. Paul, MN,
  • Bogle, A. L.; Philbrick, C. T. 1980. A generic atlas of hamamelidaceous pollens. Contr. Gray Herb. 210: 29-103.
  • Bonner, F. T. 1967. Germination of sweetgum seed in response to light. J. Forest. 65(5): 339.
  • Bormann, F. H. 1953. Factors determining the role of loblolly pine and sweetgum in early old-field succession in the Piedmont of North Carolina. Ecol. Monogr. 23: 339-58.
  • Bradford, J. L.; Marsh, D. L. 1978. Comparative studies of the witch hazels, Hamamelis virginiana L. and H. vernalis Sarg. Proc. Arkansas Acad. Sci. 31: 29-31. (Abstr. in Excerpta Bot., A, 33(1):19. 1979.)
  • Britton, Elizabeth G. 1887. Elongation of the inflorescence in Liquidambar. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 14: 95-6.
  • Brown, C. L.; Kormanik, P. P. 1967. Suppressed buds on lateral roots of Liquidambar styraciflua. Bot. Gaz. 128(3-4): 208-11.
  • Chang, K. T. 1959. The pollen morphology of Liquidambar L. and Altinga Nor. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Lenengrad) 44: 1375-80. (In Russian; English summary)
  • Clark, A. W. 1919. Seasonal variation in water content and in transpiration of leaves of Fagus grandifolia, Hamamelis virginiana, and Quercus alba. Contr. Bot. Lab. Morris Abor. Univ. Pennsylvania 4: 105-43.
  • Clatterbuck, W. K.; Hodges, J. D. 1988. Development of cherrybark oak and sweet gum in mixed, even-aged bottomland stands in central Mississippi, U.S.A. Canad. J. Forest Res. 18(1): 12-8.
  • Coladoanto, M. 1993. Hamamelis virginiana. ()
  • Coladoanto, M. 1992. Liquidambar styraciflua. ()
  • Connor, S. 1995. Mystical, medicinal witch hazel. Arnoldia (Jamaica Plain) 55: 20-21.
  • Crane, P. R.; Blackmore, S. (eds.) (1989): 1989. Evolution, systematics and fossil history of the Hamamelidae. 2 Vols. Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Davidson, D. W. 1966. Response of six shrub species to light regimes in two controlled-environment rooms. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 93: 432-437.
  • De Steven, D. 1983. Floral ecology of witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana). Michigan Bot. 22: 163-71.
  • De Steven, D. 1982. Seed production and seed predation in a temperate forest shrub (witch-hazel, Hamamelis virginiana). J. Ecol. 70: 437-43.
  • De Steven, D. 1983. Reproductive consequences of insect seed predation in Hamamelis virginiana. Ecology 64: 89-98.
  • De Steven, D. 1991. Experiments on mechanisms of tree establishment in old-field succession: seedling emergence. Ecology 72: 1066-75.
  • De Steven, D. 1991. Experiments on mechanisms of tree establishment in old-field succession: seedling survival and growth. Ecology 72: 1076-88.
  • Den Uyl, D. 1962. Survival and growth of hardwood plantations on strip mine spoil banks of Indiana. J. Forest. 60(9): 603-6.
  • Dillenburg, L. R.; Sullivan, J. H.; Teramura, A. H. 1995. Leaf expansion and development of photosynthetic capacity and pigments in Liquidambar styraciflua (Hamamelidaceae)- effects of UV-B radiation. Amer. J. Bot. 82(7): 878-85.
  • Dillenburg, L. R.; Teramura, A. H.; Forseth, I. N.; Whigham, D. F. 1995. Photosynthetic and biomass allocation responses of Liquidambar styraciflua (Hamamelidaceae) to vine competition. Amer. J. Bot. 82(4): 454-61.
  • Dillenburg, L. R.; Whigham, D. F.; Teramura, A. H.; Forseth, I. N. 1993. Effects of vine competition of availability of light, water, and nitrogen to a tree host Liquidambar styraciflua. Amer. J. Bot. 80: 244-52.
  • Downs, R. J.; Borthwick, H. A. 1956. Effects of photoperiod on growth of trees. Bot. Gaz. 117(4): 310-26.
  • Duncan, W. H. 1959. Leaf variation in Liquidambar styraciflua. Castanea 24: 99-111.
  • Echternach, J. L.; Rose, R. K. 1987. Use of woody vegetation by beavers in southeastern Virginia USA. Virginia J. Sci. 38: 226-232.
  • Endress, P. 1967. Systematische studie uber die verwandtschaftlichen Beziehungen zwischen den Hamamelidaceen und Betulaceen. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 87: 431-525. (In German, English summary)
  • Endress, P. 1970. Die Infloreszenzen der apetalen Hamamelidaceen, ihre grundsatzliche morpholigische und systematische Bedeutung. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 90: 1-54. (In German, English summary)
  • Endress, P. K. 1989. A supregeneric taxonomic classification of the Hamamelidaceae. Taxon 38: 371-6.
  • Endress, P. K. 1987. Aspects of evolutionary differentiation of the Hamamelidaceae and the lower Hamamelidae. Pl. Syst. Evol. 162: 193-211.
  • Endress, P. K. 1976. Die Androeciumanlage bei polyandrischen Hamamelidaceen und ihre systematische Bedeutung. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 97: 436-57. (In German, English summary)
  • Erdtman, G. 1946. Pollen morphology and plant taxonomy. VII. Notes on various families. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 40: 77-84.
  • Ernst, W. R. 1963. The genera of Hamamelidaceae and Platanaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 44: 193-210.
  • Felter, H. W. 1922. The Eclectic Materia Medica, pharmacology and therapeutics (Liquidambar).
  • Flint, F. F. 1957. Megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis in Hamamelis virginiana L. Virginia J. Sci. 8: 185-9.
  • Flint, F. F. 1959. Development of the megagametophyte in Liquidambar styraciflua L. Madrono 15: 25-9.
  • Flora of North America Editorial Committee. 1997. Flora of North America, Volume 3. Magnoliophyta: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Oxford University Press, New York. , 590 pages.
  • Fordham, A. J. 1961. Propagation of Liquidambar styraciflua. Arnoldia (Jamaica Plain) 21: 66.
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  • Fulling, E. H. 1953. American witch hazel - history, nomenclature and modern utilization. Econ. Bot. 7: 359-81.
  • Gaut, P. C.; Roberts, J. N. 1984. Hamamelis virginiana seed germination. Pl. Propag. 34: 334-342.
  • Gibson, H. H. 1905. American forest trees - 18. Red gum, Liquidambar styraciflua L. Hardwood Rec. 20: 12-5.
  • Gleason, H. 1922. The witch hazels. J. New York Bot. Gard. 23: 17-9.
  • Goldblatt, P.; Endress, P. 1977. Cytology and evolution in Hamamelidaceae. J. Arnold Arbor. 58(1): 67-71.
  • Graenicher, S. 1906. Some notes on the pollination of flowers. Bull. Wisconsin Nat. Hist. Soc. 4: 12-21.
  • Gregory, E. L. 1888. Development of corky-wings on certain trees II. Bot. Gaz. 13: 281-7.
  • Hallier, H. 1903. Uber den Umfang, die Gliederung und die Verwandtschaft der Hamamelidaceen. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 14: 247-60.
  • Hengst, G. E.; Dawson, J. O. 1994. Bark properties and fire resistance of selected tree species from the central hardwood region of North America. Canad. J. Forest Res. 24: 688-96.
  • Herrick, J. D.; Thomas, R. B. 2003. Leaf senescence and late-season net photosynthesis of sun and shade leaves of overstory sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) grown in elevated and ambient carbon dioxide concentrations. Tree Physiology 23: 109-118.
  • Hesse, M. 1978. Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen: Ranunculaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Platanaceae und Fagaceae. Pl. Syst. Evol. 130: 13-42.
  • Hicks, D. J.; Hustin, D. L. 1989. Response of Hamamelis virginiana L. to canopy gaps in a Pennsylvania oak forest. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 121: 200-4.
  • Hoey, M. T.; Parks, C. R. 1994. Genetic diversity in Liquidambar styraciflua, L. formosana, and L. acalycina (Hamamelidaceae). Syst. Bot. 19(2): 308-16.
  • Hoey, M. T.; Parks, C. R. 1991. Isozyme divergence between eastern Asian, North American, and Turkish species of Liquidambar (Hamamelidaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 78: 938-47.
  • Hoffman, H. 1995. Witch hazel.
  • Holbrook, N. M.; Putz, F. E. 1989. Influence of neighbors on tree form: Effects of lateral shade and prevention of sway on the allometry of Liquidambar styraciflua (Sweet Gum). Amer. J. Bot. 76(12): 1740-9.
  • Holm, T. 1931. The seedling of Hamamelis virginiana L. Rhodora 33(388): 81-92.
  • Holm, T. 1930. Leaf-variation in Liquidambar styraciflua. Rhodora 32: 95-100.
  • Hooker, J. D. 1883. Hamamelis virginiana. Bot. Mag. 108: pl. 6684.
  • Horne, A. 1914. A contribution to the study of the evolution of the flower, with special reference to the Hamamelidaceae, Caprifoliaceae, and Cornaceae. Trans. Linn. Soc. London Bot. 8: 239-309.
  • Hosner, J. F. 1958. The effects of complete inundation upon seedlings of six bottomland tree species. Ecology 39: 371-3.
  • Huebner, C. D.; Randolph, J. C.; Parker, G. R. 1995. Environmental factors affecting understory diversity in second-growth deciduous forests. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 134: 155-65.
  • Ickert-Bond, S. M.; Pigg, K. B.; Wen, J. 2005. Comparative infructescence morphology in Liquidambar (Altingiaceae) and its evolutionary significance. Amer. J. Bot. 92: 1234-1255.
  • Jenne, G. E. 1966. A study of variation in North American Hamamelis L. (Hamamelidaceae). M.S. Thesis Vanderbilt Univ.,
  • Jensen, A. E. 1901. Structure of the stem bark of Hamamelis virginiana L. Pharm. Arch. 4: 121-123. (See also Proc. A. Pharm. Assoc. 49:409-413. 1901.)
  • Jha, U. N. 1977. Chemotaxonomy of the Hamamelidaceae. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 56(1): 44-8.
  • Jones, R. H. et al. et.al. 1994. Woody plant regeneration in four floodplain forests. Ecol. Monogr. 64: 345-67.
  • King, B. L. 1997. An abnormal variant of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) from Caroline county, Virginia. Banisteria 9: 43-5.
  • Kirchheimer, F. 1947. Uber verweigte Fruchtstande der Liquidambar styraciflua L. Planta 35: 106-9.
  • Knapp, A. K.; Carter, G. A. 1998. Variability in leaf optical properties among 26 species from a broad range of habitats. Amer. J. Bot. 85: 940-946.
  • Kormanik, P. P.; Brown, C. L. 1967. Root buds and the development of root suckers in sweetgum. Forest Sci. 13: 338-45.
  • Kormanik, P. P.; Brown, C. L. 1969. Origin and development of epicormic branches in sweet gum.
  • Kostel-Hughes, F.; Young, T. P.; Carreiro, M. M.; Wehr, J. D. 1996. Experimental effects of urban and rural forest leaf litter on germination and seedling growth of native and exotic northeastern tree species. (Abstract)
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  • Li, H. M.; Mickey, L. J. 1988. Leaf architecture and systematics of the Hamamelidaceae sensu lato. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 26(2): 96-110. (In Chinese; English summary)
  • Li, J. 1997. Systematics of the Hamamelidaceae based on morphological and molecular evidence. Ph.D. Dissertation Univ. New Hampshire, Durham, NH,
  • Li, J. et.al. 2000. Phylogeny and biogeography of Hamamelis (Hamamelidaceae). Harvard Papers in Botany 5: 171-178.
  • Li, J.; Bogle, A. L.; Donoghue, M. J. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships in the Hamamelidoideae inferred from sequences of trn non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA. Harvard Papers in Botany 4: 343-356.
  • Li, J.; Bogle, A. L.; Klein, A. S. 1997. Interspecific relationships and genetic divergence of the disjunct genus Liquidambar (Hamamelidaceae) inferred from DNA sequences of plastid gene MATK. Rhodora 99: 229-40.
  • Li, J.; Bogle, A. L.; Klein, A. S. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships of the Hamamelidaceae inferred from sequences of internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Amer. J. Bot. 86: 1027-1037.
  • Li, J.; Bogle, A. L.; Klein, A. S. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships in the Hamamelidaceae: evidence from the nucleotide sequences of the plastid gene matK. Pl. Syst. Evol. 218: 205-219.
  • Li, J.; Donoghue, M. J. 1999. More molecular evidence for interspecific relationships in Liquidambar (Hamamelidaceae). Rhodora 101: 87-91.
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