Genus: Juniperus

Juniperus communis L.

Juniperus communis L.

Common Juniper

By Steven D. Glenn

Not peer reviewed

Last Modified 02/07/2013

Back to Cupressaceae

Nomenclature

Juniperus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1038. 1753. Gen. Pl., ed. 5, 461. 1754. LECTOTYPE: Juniperus communis L., designated by Britton & Brown (1913).

Sabina Mill., Gard. Dict. Abr. ed. 4. 3. 1754. TYPE: Sabina vulgaris (L.) Antoine (=Juniperus sabina L.).

Key to the species of Juniperus

1. Leaves all needlelike, not decurrent on stem...Juniperus communis
1. Most leaves scalelike, decurrent on stem...2

2. Needlelike leaves opposite (may be in whorls of 3 on leading shoots); tips of scalelike leaves sharp; berrylike structure blue...Juniperus virginiana
2. Needlelike leaves sometimes in whorls of 3 on small clusters of twigs; tips of scalelike leaves tending to be blunt; berrylike structure brown (commonly cultivated)...Juniperus chinensis

List of Juniperus Species

References to Juniperus

  • Abbott, H. G.; Belig, W. H. 1961. Juniper seed: A winter food of red squirrels in Massachusetts. J. Mammal. 42: 240-4.
  • Adams, R. P. 1986. Geographic variation in Juniperus silicicola and J. virginiana of the southeastern United States: multivariate analysis of morphology and terpenoids. Taxon 35: 61-75.
  • Adams, R. P. 1969. Chemosystematic and numerical studies in natural populations of Juniperus. Ph.D. Dissertation Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX,
  • Adams, R. P. 1987. Investigation of Juniperus species of the United States for new sources of cedarwood oil. Econ. Bot. 41: 48-54.
  • Adams, R. P. 1998. The leaf essential oils and chemotaxonomy of Juniperus sect. Juniperus. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 26: 637-645.
  • Adams, R. P. 1988. Termitcidal activities in the heartwood bark-sapwood and leaves of Juniperus spp. from the USA. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 16: 453-456.
  • Adams, R. P. 2000. Systematics of Juniperus section Juniperus based on leaf essential oils and random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 28: 515-528.
  • Adams, R. P. et.al. 2011. Taxonomy and evolution of Juniperus communis: insight from DNA sequencing and SNPs. Phytologia 93: 185-197.
  • Adams, R. P.; Demeke, T. 1993. Systematic relationships in Juniperus based on random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs). Taxon 42: 553-571.
  • Adams, R. P.; Nguyen, S. 2007. Post-Pleistocene geographic variation in Juniperus communis in North America. Phytologia 89: 43-57.
  • Adams, R. P.; Thornburg, D. 2010. Seed dispersal in Juniperus: a review. Phytologia 92: 424-434.
  • Anderson, A. B. 1955. Recovery and utilization of tree extractives. Econ. Bot. 9(2): 108-40.
  • Andre, D. 1956. Contribution a l'Etude morphologique du cone femelle de quelques gymnospermes (Cephalotaxees, Juniperoidees, Taxacees). Nat. Monspel. Bot. 8: 3-35. (In French)
  • Appel, A. G.; Mack, T. P. 1989. Repellency of milled aromatic eastern redcedar to domiciliary cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae and Blattidae). J. Econ. Entomology 82: 152-155.
  • Ashley, K. 2000. Juniper berry.
  • Bard, G. E. 1952. Secondary succession on the piedmont of New Jersey. Ecol. Monogr. 22: 195-215.
  • Barton, L. V. 1951. Germination of seed of Juniperus virginiana L. Contr. Boyce Thompson Inst. Pl. Res. 16: 387-393.
  • Bifoss, C. G. 1947. The water conductivity and growth habits of Juniperus horizontalis Moench and Juniperus virginiana L. Ecology 28: 281-9.
  • Blake, S. F. 1910. Note on Juniperus horizontalis and J. virginiana. Rhodora 12: 218.
  • Bobinski, J. 1979. Features and characteristics of the common juniper, Juniperus communis. Roczn. Dendrol. 32: 33-50.
  • Boyd, H. 1951. Eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) - a list of references.
  • Brett, W. J.; Singer, A. C. 1973. Chlorophyll concentration in leaves of Juniperus virginiana L., measured over a 2-year period. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 90: 194-200.
  • Buchholz, J. T. 1948. Generic and subgeneric distribution of the Coniferales. Bot. Gaz. 110: 80-91.
  • Buchholz, J. T. 1920. Embryo development and polyembryony in relation to the phylogeny of conifers. Amer. J. Bot. 7: 125-45.
  • Butler, D. R. 1988. The use of eastern red cedar in a tree-ring study in Oklahoma USA. Prairie Naturalist 20: 47-56.
  • Butts, D.; Buchholz, J. T. 1940. Cotyledon numbers in conifers. Trans. Illinois State Acad. Sci. 33: 58-62.
  • Castellano, S. M.; Boyce, R. L. 2007. Spatial patterns of Juniperus virginiana and Lonicera maackii on a road cut in Kentucky, USA. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 134: 188-198.
  • Chaturvedi, M. 1981. Studies on the pollen grains of Juniperus L. Current Science 50: 548-9.
  • Chesnoy, L. 1966. Sur le developpement des cones femelles du Juniperus communis L., dans la region parisienne, de la pollinisation a la graine. Compt. Rend. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 262: 2018-21. (In French)
  • Coker, J. S. 2001. Snow and ice storm's effect on a piedmont Juniperus virginiana population. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 117: 217-223.
  • Collingwood, G. H. 1938. Eastern red cedar. Amer. Forests 44: 30-1.
  • Comer, C. W.; Adams, R. P.; Van Haverbeke, D. F. 1982. Intra- and interspecific variation of Juniperus virginiana and J. scopulorum seedlings based on volatile oil composition. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 10: 297-306.
  • Cook, P. L. 1939. A new type of embryogeny in the conifers. Amer. J. Bot. 26: 138-43.
  • Cope, E. A. 1986. Native and cultivated conifers of northeastern North America. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY.
  • Cucchi, C. C. 1958. Indagine geobotanica sui ginepri europei. Delpinoa 11: 171-222.
  • Daguillon, A. 1899. Observations morphologiques sur les feuilles des Cupressees. Rev. Gen. Bot. 11: 168-204. (In French)
  • Dallimore, W.; Jackson, A. B. 1966. A handbook of Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae, revised by S.G. Harrison. ed. St. Martins Press, New York.
  • Davis, W. T. 1917. Juniperus communis on Long Island and Staten Island. Torreya 17: 99-100.
  • Decker, S. R. et.al. 1991. Nutritional evaluation of winter foods of wild turkeys. Canad. J. Zoology 69: 2128-2132.
  • Diotte, M.; Bergeron, Y. 1989. Fire and the distribution of Juniperus communis L. in the boreal forest of Quebec, Canada. J. Biogeogr. 16(1): 91-6.
  • Dzyaruhina, T. F. 1982. Morphological and anatomic characteristics of the needles of some Juniperus species. Vyestsi Akademii Navuk BSSR Syeryya Syel'skahaspadarchykh Navuk 1982: 19-23. (In Belorussian)
  • Eckenwalder, J. E. 2009. Conifers of the world. Timber Press, Portland, OR. , 720 pages. (ISBN 9780881929744)
  • Engle, D. M. 1995. Fire behavior and fire effects on eastern redcedar in hardwood leaf-litter fires. Int. J. Wildland Fire 5: 135-141.
  • Falinski, J. B. 1980. Changes in the sex- and age-ration in populations of pioneer dioecious woody species (Juniperus, Populus, Salix) in connection with the course of vegetation succession in abandoned farmlands. Ekologia Polska 28: 327-65.
  • Farjon, A. 1990. A bibliography of conifers. Koeltz Scientific Books, Königstein, Germany.
  • Farjon, A. 2005. A monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. , 643 pages. (ISBN 1842460684)
  • Farjon, A.; Garcia, S. O. 2002. Towards the minimal conifer cone: ontogeny and trends in Cupressus, Juniperus and Microbiota (Cupressaceae s. str.). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 124: 129-147.
  • Fassett, N. C. 1944. Juniperus virginiana, J. horizontalis, and J. scopulorum. I. The specific characters. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 71: 410-8.
  • Fassett, N. C. 1944. Juniperus virginiana, J. horizontalis, and J. scopulorum, II. Hybrid swarms of J. virginiana and J. scopulorum. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 71: 475-83.
  • Fassett, N. C. 1945. Juniperus virginiana, J. horizontalis, and J. scopulorum, IV. Hybrid swarms of J. virginiana and J. horizontalis. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 72: 379-84.
  • Fassett, N. C. 1945. Juniperus virginiana, J. horizontalis, and J. scopulorum, V. Taxonomic treatment. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 72: 480-2.
  • Fassett, N. C. 1943. The validity of Juniperus virginiana var. crebra. Amer. J. Bot. 30: 469-77.
  • Ferguson, E. R. 1970. Eastern red cedar: an annotated bibliography.
  • Flake, R. H.; Urbatsch, L.; Turner, B. L. 1978. Chemical documentation of allopatric introgression into Juniperus. Syst. Bot. 3: 129-44.
  • Flake, R. H.; Von Rudloff, E.; Turner, B. L. 1969. Quantitative study of clinal variation in Juniperus virginiana using terpenoid data. Proc. Nat. Acad. U.S.A. 64: 487-94.
  • Flake, R. H.; Von Rudloff, E.; Turner, B. L. 1973. Confirmation of a clinal pattern of chemical differentiation in Juniperus virginiana from terpenoid data obtained in successive years. Recent Adv. Phytochem. 6: 215-28.
  • Flora of North America Editorial Committee. 1993. Flora of North America, Volume 2. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Oxford University Press, New York. , 475 pages. (For review see Castanea 59(4):368-369. 1994.)
  • Florin, R. 1955. The systematics of gymnosperms. In: A century of progress in the natural sciences, 1853-1953. California Acad. Sci., San Francisco. , 323-403 pages.
  • Flory, W. S. 1936. Chromosome numbers and phylogeny in the gymnosperms. J. Arnold Arbor. 17: 83-9.
  • Franco, J. D. A. 1962. Taxonomy of the common juniper. Biol. Soc. Brot. 36: 107-20.
  • Gadek, P. A.; Quinn, C. J. 1993. An analysis of relationships within the Cupressaceae sensu stricto based on rbcL sequences. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 581-586.
  • Gall, E. C. 1962. Juniperus at the Morris Arboretum. Morris Arbor. Bull. 13: 3-10.
  • Ganguli, A. C. et.al. 2008. Plant community diversity and composition provide little resistance to Juniperus encroachment. Botany 86: 1416-1426.
  • Gaussen, H. 1967. La classification des genevriers {Juniperus). Compt. Rend. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 265: 954-7. (In French)
  • Graves, H. S. 1905. Notes on the rate of growth of red cedar, red oak, and chestnut. Forest. Quart. 3: 349-53.
  • Grootendorst, H. J. 1968. Juniperus communis L. Dendroflora 5: 29-34. (In Dutch)
  • Hall, M. T. 1952. Variations and hybridization in Juniperus. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 39: 1-64.
  • Hall, M. T. 1952. Variation in native junipers. Bull. Cranbrook Inst. Sci. 21: 62-4.
  • Hall, M. T.; Mukherjee, A.; Crowley, W. R. 1973. Chromosome counts in cultivated junipers. J. Arnold Arbor. 54: 369-76.
  • Harper, R. M. 1912. The diverse habitats of the eastern red cedar and their interpretation. Torreya 12: 145-154.
  • Hart, J. A.; Price, R. A. 1990. The genera of Cupressaceae (including Taxodiaceae) in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 71: 275-322.
  • Hemmerly, T. E. 1970. Economic uses of eastern red cedar. Econ. Bot. 24: 39-41.
  • Henry, P. H.; Blazich, F. A.; Hinesley, L. E. 1992. Vegetative propagation of eastern red cedar by stem cuttings. Hortscience 27: 1272-1274.
  • Hill, T. G.; De Fraine, E. 1908. On the seedling structure of gymnosperms. I. Ann. Bot. 22: 689-712.
  • Holthuijzen, A. M. A. 1983. Dispersal ecology of eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana L.). Ph.D. Dissertation Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, VA231 p.
  • Holthuijzen, A. M. A.; Sharik, T. L. 1984. Seed longevity and mechanisms of regeneration of eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 111: 153-8.
  • Holthuijzen, A. M. A.; Sharik, T. L. 1985. The avian dispersal system of eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana). Canad. J. Bot. 63: 1508-1515.
  • Holthuijzen, A. M. A.; Sharik, T. L. 1985. The red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) seed shadow along a fenceline. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 113: 200-2.
  • Holthuijzen, A. M. A.; Sharik, T. L. 1985. Colonization of abandoned pastures by eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) Canad. J. Forest Res. 15: 1065-8.
  • Holthuijzen, A. M. A.; Sharik, T. L.; Fraser, J. D. 1987. Dispersal of eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) into pastures: an overview. Canad. J. Bot. 65: 1092-5.
  • Houle, G.; Babeux, P. 1994. Variations in rooting ability of cuttings and in seed characteristics of five populations of Juniperus communis var. depressa from subarctic Quebec. Canad. J. Bot. 72: 493-498.
  • Houle, G.; Duchesne, M. 1999. The spatial pattern of a Juniperus communis var. depressa population on a continental dune in subarctic Quebec, Canada. Canad. J. Forest Res. 29: 446-450.
  • Jack, J. G. 1893. Fructification of Juniperus. Bot. Gaz. 18: 369-75.
  • Jameson, D. A. 1965. Reduction of understory grass growth by chemicals in litter of Juniperus. Bull. Ecol. Soc. Amer. 46: 109.
  • Johnson, G. 1995. The basic biology of Juniperus seed production.
  • Joy, D. A.; Young, D. R. 1996. Juniperus virginiana as a possible nurse plant for woody seedlings on a Virginia barrier island. ()
  • Joy, D. A.; Young, D. R. 2002. Promotion of mid-successional seedling recruitment and establishment by Juniperus virginiana in a coastal environment. Plant Ecology 160: 125-135.
  • Kupchan, S. M. et.al. 1965. Tumor inhibitors VII. Podophyllotoxin, the active principle of Juniperus virginiana. J. Pharmaceutical Sci. 54: 659-660.
  • K÷tter, W. 1931. Normal and abnormal fruit structure of Juniperus communis L. , Dissertation Hamburg, (In German)
  • Lantz, G. 1997. The Cinderella tree. Amer. Forests 103: 31-2.
  • Larson, D. W. 1997. Dendroecological potential of Juniperus virginiana L. growing on cliffs in western Virginia. Banisteria 10: 13-18.
  • Lawton, R. O.; Cothran, P. 2000. Factors influencing reproductive activity of Juniperus virginiana in the Tennessee Valley. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 127: 271-279.
  • Le Duc, A; Adams, R. P.; Zhong, M 1999. Using random amplification of polymorphic DNA for a taxonomic reevaluation of Pfitzer junipers. Hortscience 34: 1123-1125.
  • Lemoine-Sébastian, C. 1967. Appareil reproducteur mâle des Juniperus. Trav. Lab. Forest. Toulouse Tome I, Vol. VI, Art XXIV: 1-35. (In French)
  • Lemoine-Sébastian, C. 1968. L'inflorescence femelle des Junipereae: ontogenese, structure, phylogenese. Trav. Lab. Forest. Toulouse Tome I, Vol. VII, Art. V: 1-460. (In French)
  • Livingston, R. B. 1972. Influence of birds, stones and soil on the establishment of pasture juniper, Juniperus communis and red cedar, J. virginiana in New England pastures. Ecology 53(6): 1141-7.
  • Marion, C.; Houle, G. 1996. No differential consequences of reproduction according to sex in Juniperus communis var. depressa (Cupressaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 83(4): 480-8.
  • Marks, P. L. 1991. Reading the landscape I:red cedar. Cornell Plantations 46: 7-10.
  • Martin, D. W.; Young, D. R. 1997. Small-scale distribution and salinity response of Juniperus virginiana on an Atlantic Coast barrier island. Canad. J. Bot. 75: 77-85.
  • Massey, A. B. 1954. Ecology of the red cedar, Juniperus virginiana. (Abstract). ASB Bull. 11: 261.
  • Massey, A. B. 1968. Notes relative to plant ecology in Virginia. Castanea 33: 161-2.
  • Mathews, A. C. 1939. The morphological and cytological development of the sporophylls and seed of Juniperus virginiana L. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 55: 7-62.
  • Mazzeo, P. M. 1966. Notes on the conifers of the Shenandoah National Park. Castanea 31: 240-7.
  • McDermott, R. E.; Fletcher, P. W. 1955. Influence of light and nutrition on color and growth of redcedar seedlings. Agric. Exper. Stat. Bull. 587. Univ. Missouri, Columbia.
  • McDonnell, M. J. 1986. Old field vegetation height and the dispersal pattern of bird-disseminated woody plants. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 113: 6-11.
  • McDonnell, M. J.; Stiles, E. W. 1983. The structural complexity of old field vegetation and the recruitment of bird-dispersed plant species. Oecologia 56: 109-16.
  • Meiners, S. J. 1994. Nurse plant effects of eastern red cedar Juniperus virginiana L. on hardwood tree seedlings in old fields. M.S. Thesis Miami Univ., Oxford, OH97 p.
  • Meiners, S. J.; Gorchov, D. L. 1998. Effects of distance to Juniperus virginiana on the establishment of Fraxinus and Acer seedlings in old fields. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 139: 353-64.
  • Minckler, L. S.; Ryker, R. A. 1959. Color, form, and growth variations in eastern red cedar. J. Forest. 57: 347-9.
  • Mitchell, R. S. (eds.) (1992): 1992. Pinophyta (Gymnosperms) of New York State. Vol. NY State Museum Bull. 483. Univ. of the state of NY, Albany, NY. , 80 pages.
  • Myers, J. A. et.al. 2004. Seed dispersal by white-tailed deer: implications for long-distance dispersal, invasion, and migration of plants in eastern North America. Oecologia 139: 35-44.
  • Myster, R. W. 1994. Contrasting litter effects on old field tree germination and emergence. Vegetatio 114: 169-174.
  • Myster, R. W. 1993. Effects of litter, distance, density and vegetation patch type on postdispersal tree seed predation in old fields. Oikos 66: 381-388.
  • Nagano, K. et.al. 1991. Study on the chromosome of Cupressaceae VIII. Karyotype of Juniperus. Proc. School Agric. Kyushu Tokai Univ. 10: 75-88.
  • Noren, C. O. 1907. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des Juniperus communis. Uppsala Univ. Årsskr. 1907: 1-64. (In German)
  • Ochocka, J. R. et al. et.al. 1997. Enantiomers of monoterpenic hydrocarbons in essential oils from Juniperus communis. Phytochemistry 44: 869-73.
  • Oladele, F. A. 1983. Inner surface sculpture patterns of cuticles in Cupressaceae. Canad. J. Bot. 61: 1222-31.
  • Oladele, F. A. 1983. Scanning electron microscope study of stomatal-complex configuration in Cupressaceae. Canad. J. Bot. 61: 1232-40.
  • Ormsbee, P.; Bazzar, F. A.; Boggess, W. R. 1976. Physiological ecology of Juniperus virginiana in oldfields. Oecologia 23: 75-82.
  • Ormsby, P.; Bazzaz, F. A.; Boggess, W. R. 1976. Physiological ecology of Juniperus virginiana in oldfields. Oecologia 23: 75-82.
  • Ottley, A. M. 1909. The development of the gametophytes and fertilization in Juniperus communis and Juniperus virginiana. Bot. Gaz. 48: 31-46.
  • Pack, D. A. 1921. After-ripening and germination of Juniperus seeds. Bot. Gaz. 71: 32-60.
  • Palma-Otal, M.; Moore, W. S.; Adams, R. P. 1983. Genetic and biographical analysis of natural hybridization between Juniperus virginiana L. and J. horizontalis Moench. Canad. J. Bot. 61: 2733-46.
  • Parent, J.; Richard, P. J. H. 1990. Pollen morphology of the Cupressaceae of eastern Canada and the northeastern United States applied to the study of Quaternary sediments. Canad. J. Bot. 68: 79-89. (In French, English summary. Also Taxodium)
  • Parker, J. 1949. Germination and establishment of eastern red cedar and some ecological and physiological aspects of its local occurrence in the Duke Forest. Ph.D. Dissertation Duke Univ., Durham, NC,
  • Parker, J. 1952. Establishment of eastern red cedar by direct seeding. J. Forest. 50: 914-7.
  • Phillips, F. J. 1910. The dissemination of juniper seeds by birds. Forest. Quart. 8: 60-73.
  • Pielou, E. C. 1988. The world of northern evergreens. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY. , 174 pages.
  • Pregitzer, K. S. et.al. 2002. Fine root architecture of nine North American trees. Ecol. Monogr. 72: 293-309.
  • Quinn, J. A.; Meiners, S. J. 2004. Growth rates, survivorship, and sex ratios of Juniperus virginiana on the New Jersey Piedmont from 1963 to 2000. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 131: 187-194.
  • Reveal, J. L.; Moulton, G. E.; Schuyler, A. E. 1999. The Lewis and Clark collections of vascular plants: Names, types, and comments. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 149: 1-64.
  • Ross, J. G.; Duncan, R. E. 1949. Cytological evidences of hybridization between Juniperus virginiana and J. horizontalis.. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 76: 414-29.
  • Runeberg, J. 1960. The chemistry of the order Cupressales. 28. Constituents of Juniperus virginiana L. Acta Chem. Scand. 14: 1288-94.
  • Schmidt, T. L.; Piva, R. J. 1996. An annotated bibliography of eastern redcedar.
  • Setzer, W. N.; Whitaker, K. W. 1992. A chemical ecological study of the components of the essential of eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) from three habitats in Huntsville, Alabama. Castanea 57: 209-13.
  • Shiflett, S. A.; Young, D. R. 2010. Avian seed dispersal on Virginia barrier islands: potential influence on vegetation community structure and patch dynamics. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 164: 91-106.
  • Skaradek, W. 2001. Propagation protocol for production of Juniperus virginiana seeds.
  • Southworth, D. 1986. Pollen exine substructure. III. Juniperus communis. Canad. J. Bot. 64: 983-7.
  • Swihart, R. K.; Picone, P. M. 1998. Selection of mature growth stages of coniferous browse in temperate forests by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Amer. Midl. Naturalist 139: 269-74.
  • Takaso, T. 1990. "Pollination drop" time at the Arnold Arboretum. Arnoldia (Jamaica Plain) 50: 2-7.
  • Tarbaeva, V. M. 1994. The seed and seed coat structure in species of Cupressaceae. Byull. Glavn. Bot. Sada (Moscow) 169: 141-6. (In Russian; English summary)
  • Tirmenstein, D. A. 1988. Juniperus communis. ()
  • Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Juniperus virginiana. ()
  • Tolliver, K. S.; Martin, D. W.; Young, D. R. 1997. Freshwater and saltwater flooding response for woody species common to barrier island swales. Wetlands 17: 10-8.
  • Van Haverbeke, D. F.; Comer, C. W. 1985. Effects of treatment and seed source on germination of eastern redcedar seeds.
  • Van Haverbeke, D. F.; Read, R. A. 1976. Genetics of eastern redcedar.
  • Vasiliauskas, S. A.; Aarssen, L. W. 1992. Sex ratio and neighbor effects in monospecific stands of Juniperus virginiana. Ecology 73: 622-32.
  • Von Rudloff, E. 1975. Chemosystematic studies of the volatile oils of Juniperus horizontalis, J. scopulorum and J. virginiana. Phytochemistry 14: 1319-29.
  • Willson, C. J. et.al. 2008. Hydraulic traits are influenced by phylogenetic history in the drought-resistant, invasive genus Juniperus (Cupressaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 95: 299-314.
  • Yatagai, M. et.al. 1985. Terpenes of leaf oils from Cupressaceae. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 13: 377-386.
  • Zanoni, Thomas A. 1978. The American junipers of the section Sabina (Juniperus, Cupressaceae) - a century later. Phytologia 38: 433-54.
  • Zhang, J.; Maun, M. A. 1994. Potential for seed bank formation in seven Great Lakes sand dune species. Amer. J. Bot. 81(4): 387-94.