Nomenclature

Gaultheria L., Sp. Pl. 1: 395. 1753. Gen. Pl., ed 5, 187, 1754. TYPE: Gaultheria procumbens L.

Chiogenes Salisb., Trans. Hort. Soc. London 2: 94. 1817. Glyciphylla Raf., Amer. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Rev. 4(3): 192. 1819, nom. illeg. (Art. 52.1). Schollera Steud., Nomencl. Bot. 1: 746. 1821, nom. illeg. (Art. 52.1). Phalerocarpus G. Don, Gen. Hist. 3: 841. 1834, nom. illeg. (Art. 52.1). Lasierpa Torr., [Annual Rep. Geol. Surv. 1839] State of New York, Documents of Assembly no. 50: 152. 1840, nom. illeg. (Art. 52.1). TYPE: Chiogenes serpyllifolia (Pursh) Salisb. (=Gaultheria hispidulum (L.) Muhl.).

Key to the species of Gaultheria

1. Leaves 3-9 mm long, with scattered multicellular-multiserriate hairs beneath...Gaultheria hispidula
1. Leaves 1.7-4.1 mm long, glabrous or puberulent along midveins...Gaultheria procumbens

List of Gaultheria Species

References to Gaultheria

• Alexander, E. J. 1927 . Gaultheria procumbens. Addisonia 12: 53-4.
• Bell, H. P.; Burchill, J. 1955 . Winter resting stages of certain Ericaceae. Canad. J. Bot. 33: 547-61.
• Bergman, H. F. 1920 . Internal stomata in ericaceous and other unrelated fruits. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 47: 213-21.
• Brown, R. T. 1967 . Influence of naturally occurring compounds on germination and growth of jack pine. Ecology 48: 542-6. (Also discussions on Cornus, Gaultheria, & Prunus)
• Bush, C. M. et.al. 2009 . Phylogeny of Gaultherieae (Ericaceae: Vaccinioideae) based on DNA sequence data from matK, ndhF, and nrlITS. Int. J. Plant Sci. 170: 355-364.
• Cafferty, S.; Jarvis, C. E. 2002 . Typification of Linnaean plant names in Ericaceae. Taxon 51: 751-753.
• Chou, Y. L. 1952 . Floral morphology of three species of Gaultheria. Bot. Gaz. 114(1): 198-221.
• Cipollini, M. L.; Stiles, E. W. 1992 . Antifungal activity of ripe ericaceous fruits: Phenolic-acid interactions and palatability for dispersers. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 20: 501-14.
• Cipollini, M. L.; Stiles, E. W. 1993 . Fruit rot, antifungal defense, and palatability of fleshy fruits for frugivorous birds. Ecology 74: 751-62.
• Cipollini, M. L.; Stiles, E. W. 1992 . Relative risks of fungal rot for temperate ericaceous fruits: effects of seasonal variation on selection for chemical defense. Canad. J. Bot. 70(9): 1868-77.
• Coladoanto, M. 1994 . Gaultheria procumbens. ()
• Cook, D. B.; Hamilton, W. J. 1944 . The ecological relationships of red fox food in eastern New York. Ecology 25(1): 91-104.
• Cox, H. T. 1948 . Studies in the comparative anatomy of the Ericales. II. Ericaceae - subfamily Arbutoideae. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 40: 493-516.
• Dimock, E. J.; Johnston, W. F.; Stein, W. I. 1974 . Gaultheria. In: Seeds of Woody Plants in the Unites States. USDA, Forest Service, Washington. , 561-3 pages.
• Dome, A. P. 1996 . Gaultherias native to temperate North America. Rock Gard. Quart. 54(1): 42-50.
• Fernald, M. L. 1920 . Gaultheria procumbens L., forma suborbiculata, n. f. Rhodora 22(261): 155-6.
• Fernald, M. L. 1934 . Gaultheria procumbens L. forma accrescens, f. nov. Rhodora 36(424): 129.
• Flinn, M. A.; Pringle, J. K. 1983 . Heat tolerance of rhizomes of several understory species. Canad. J. Bot. 61: 452-7.
• Fritsch, P. W. et.al. 2011 . Phylogenetic analysis of the wintergreen group (Ericaceae) based on six genic regions. Syst. Bot. 36: 990-1003.
• Hagerup, O. 1928 . Morphological and cytological studies of Bicornes. Dansk Bot. Ark. 6: 1-27.
• Hancy, A. J. 1916 . The vascular anatomy of certain Ericaceous flowers. M.A. Thesis Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY37 figs. + 20 p.
• Heinrich, B. 1976 . Resource partitioning among some eusocial insects: Bumblebees. Ecology 57(5): 874-89.
• Hermann, P. M.; Palser, B. F. 2000 . Stamen development in the Ericaceae. I. Anther wall, microsporogenesis, inversion, and appendages. Amer. J. Bot. 87: 934-957.
• Holm, T. 1908 . Medicinal plants of North America. 11. Gaultheria procumbens L. Merck Rep. 17: 1-14.
• Kron, K. A. 1996 . Phylogenetic relationships of Empetraceae, Epacridaceae, Ericaceae, Monotropaceae, and Pyrolaceae: evidence from nuclear ribosomal 18s sequence data. Ann. Bot. (UK) 77(4): 293-303.
• Kron, K. A.; Chase, M. W. 1993 . Systematics of the Ericaceae, Empetraceae, Epacridaceae and related taxa based upon rbcL sequence data. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 735-41.
• Kron, K. A.; Judd, W. S. 1997 . Systematics of the Lyonia group (Andromedeae, Ericaceae) and the use of species as terminals in higher-level cladistic analyses. Syst. Bot. 22: 479-92.
• Kron, K. A.; Judd, W. S.; Crayn, D. M. 1999 . Phylogenetic analysis of Andromedaea (Ericaceae subfam. Vaccinioideae). Amer. J. Bot. 86: 1290-1300.
• Lovell, J. H. 1898 . The insect visitors of flowers. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 382-390.
• Luteyn, J. L.; Clemants, Steven E.; et al. et.al. 1996 . Ericaceae of the southeastern United States. Castanea 61(2): 101-44.
• MacKeever, F. C. 1961 . An albino fruited form of Gaultheria procumbens. Rhodora 63: 346-7.
• Massicotte, H. B. et.al. 2005 . Structural characteristics of root-fungal interactions for five ericaceous species in eastern Canada. Canad. J. Bot. 83: 1057-1064.
• Matlack, G. R.; Gibson, D. J.; Good, R. E. 1992 . Clonal propagation, local disturbance, and the structure of vegetation: ericaceous shrubs in the pine barrens of New Jersey. Biol. Conserv. 63: 1-8.
• Middleton, D. J. 1993 . A systematic survey of leaf and stem anatomical characters in the genus Gaultheria and related genera (Ericaceae). J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 113: 199-215.
• Middleton, D. J. 1991 . Taxonomic studies in the Gaultheria group of genera of the tribe Andromedeae (Ericaceae). Edinburgh J. Bot. 48: 283-306.
• Middleton, D. J. 1991 . Infrageneric classification of the genus Gaultheria L. (Ericaceae). J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 106: 229-58.
• Middleton, D. J. 1991 . Ecology, reproductive biology and hybridization in Gaultheria L. Edinburgh J. Bot. 48: 81-9.
• Middleton, D. J. 1992 . A chemotaxonomic survey of flavonoids and simple phenols in the leaves of Gaultheria L. and related genera (Ericaceae). J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 110(4): 313-24.
• Middleton, D. J.; Wilcock, C. C. 1990 . Chromosome counts in Gaultheria and related genera. Edinburgh J. Bot. 47: 303-13.
• Mirick, S.; Quinn, J. A. 1981 . Some observations on the reproductive biology of Gaultheria procumbens (Ericaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 68: 1298-305.
• Nelson, G. L. 1978 . Notes on the chromosome number of Gaultheria procumbens L. (Ericaceae). Rhodora 80(824): 594-5.
• Nesom, G. L. 1978 . Notes on the chromosome number of Gaultheria procumbens L. (Ericaceae). Rhodora 80(824): 594-5.
• Newcomer, E. H. 1941 . Chromosome numbers of some species and varieties of Vaccinium and related genera. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 38: 468-70.
• Palser, B. F. 1958 . Studies of floral morphology in the Ericales. IV. Observations on three members of the Gaultherieae. Trans. Illinois State Acad. Sci. 51: 24-34.
• Paratley, R. D. 1986 . Vegetation-environment relations in a conifer swamp in central New York. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 113: 357-371.
• Peltrisot, C-N. 1904 . Developpement et structure de la graine chez les Ericacees. J. Bot. (Morot) 18: 309-67, 386-402. (In French)
• Powell, E. A.; Kron, K. A. 2001 . An analysis of the phylogenetic relationships in the wintergreen group (Diplycosia, Gaultheria, Pernettya, Tepuia; Ericaceae). Syst. Bot. 26: 808-817.
• Reader, R. J. 1977 . Bog ericad flowers: self-compatibility and relative attractiveness to bees. Canad. J. Bot. 55: 2279-87.
• Sims, J. 1818 . Gaultheria procumbens. Bot. Mag. 45: pl. 1966.
• Stephenson, S. L.; Mills, H. H. 1999 . Contrasting vegetation of noses and hollows in the Valley and Ridge province, southwestern Virginia. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 126: 197-212.
• Wherry, Edgar T. 1920 . Observations on the soil acidity of Ericaceae and associated plants in the Middle Atlantic states. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 72: 84-111.
• Young, J. A.; Young, C. G. 1992 . Gaultheria. In: Seeds of Woody Plants in North America. Dioscorides Press, Portland. , 162-3 pages.