Nomenclature

Liriodendron L., Sp. Pl. 1: 535. 1753. Gen. Pl. 239. 1754 (also spelled “Liriodendrum”). Tulipifera Mill., Gard. Dict. Abr. ed. 4. 1754, nom. illeg. (Art. 52.1). TYPE: Liriodendron tulipifera L.

Key to the species of Liriodendron

List of Liriodendron Species

References to Liriodendron

• Andrews, F. M. 1901 . Karyokinesis in Magnolia and Liriodendron, with special reference to behavior of chromosomes. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 11: 134-42.
• Andrews, S. 1994 . Further notes on Liriodendron. Int. Dendrol. Soc. Year Book 1993: 42.
• Andrews, S. 1993 . Tree of the year: Liriodendron tulipifera. Int. Dendrol. Soc. Year Book 1992: 15-8.
• Anonymous 1970 . Tuliptree, Liriodendron tulipifera. Morton Arbor. Quart. 6: 14-5.
• Anonymous 1915 . Commercial uses of the tulip or yellow poplar. Amer. Forests 21: 834-40.
• Axelrod, D. I. 1983 . Biogeography of oaks in the arcto-tertiary province. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 70: 629-57. (Many other genera disscussed)
• Balter, H.; Loeb, R. E. 1983 . Arboreal relationships on limestone and gneiss in northern New Jersey and southeastern New York. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 110: 370-9.
• Barkley, F. A. 1975 . A note concerning two flowering plants. Phytologia 32: 304.
• Beck, D. E.; Della-Bianca, L. 1981 . Yellow-poplar: characteristics and management.
• Berry, E. W. 1902 . Additional notes on Liriodendron leaves. Torreya 2: 33-7.
• Berry, E. W. 1903 . Liriodendron notes. Torreya 3: 129-32.
• Berry, E. W. 1902 . Notes on the phylogeny of Liriodendron. Bot. Gaz. 34: 44-63.
• Berry, E. W. 1901 . The origin of stipules in Liriodendron. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28: 493-8.
• Betts, H. S. 1954 . Yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera).
• Bigelow, J. 1818 . Liriodendron tulipifera. Amer. Med. Bot. 2: 107-14.
• Blaney, J. R.; Tryon, E. H.; Linsky, B. 1977 . Effect of coal smoke on growth of four tree species. Castanea 42: 193-203.
• Boettcher, S. E.; Kalisz, P. J. 1990 . Single-tree influence on soil properties in the mountains of eastern Kentucky. Ecology 71: 1365-72.
• Boyce, S. G.; Hosner, J. F. 1963 . Alternating storage temperatures increase the germination of yellow-poplar seed. J. Forest. 61(10): 731-3.
• Braham, R. R.; Kellison, R. C. 1987 . Suppressed buds in yellow-poplar. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 103(2): 47-55.
• Brandt, C. J.; Rhoades, R. W. 1973 . Effects of limestone dust accumulation on lateral growth of forest trees. Environmental Pollution 4: 207-13.
• Buckner, E.; McCracken, W. 1978 . Yellow poplar: a component of climax forests. J. Forest. 76: 421-3.
• Busing, R. T. 1995 . Disturbance and the population dynamics of Liriodendron tulipifera: simulations with a spatial model of forest succession. J. Ecol. 83: 45-53.
• Canright, L. J. 1957 . Vegetative propagation of Liriodendron tulipifera. J. Forest. 55: 892-3.
• Carvell, K. L.; Korstian, C. F. 1955 . Production and dissemination of yellow-poplar seed. J. Forest. 53: 169-70.
• Chapman, A. G. 1933 . Some effects of varying amounts of nitrogen on the growth of tulip poplar seedlings. Ohio J. Science 33: 164-81.
• Chappelka, A. H.; Chevone, B. I.; Burke, T. E. 1985 . Growth response of yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) seedlings to ozone, sulfur dioxide, and simulated acid precipitation alone and in combination. Environm. Exp. Bot. 25: 33-244.
• Cheadle, V. I. 1964 . Secondary phloem of Liriodendron tulipifera. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 36: 143-252.
• Clark, B. F.; Boyce, S. G. 1964 . Yellow poplar seed remains viable in the forest litter. J. Forest. 62(8): 564-7.
• Clark, F. B. 1964 . Micro-organisms and soil structure affect yellow-poplar growth.
• Clark, F. B. 1963 . Endotrophic mycorrhizae influence yellow poplar seedling growth. Science 140: 1220-3.
• Clinton, B. D.; Boring, L. R.; Swank, W. T. 1994 . Regeneration patterns in canopy gaps of mixed-oak forests of the southern Appalachians: influences of topographic position and evergreen understory. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 132: 308-19.
• Coker, W. C. 1930 . The bald cypress. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 46: 86-8. (Also Platanus & Liriodendron)
• Crang, R. E. et al. et.al. 1983 . Acid fog effects on yellow poplar leaf morphology. Micron 14: 75-6.
• Crang, R. E.; McQuattie, C. J. 1986 . Qualitative and quantitative effects of acid misting and two air pollutants on foliar structures of Liriodendron tulipifera. Canad. J. Bot. 64: 1237-43.
• Creasy, W. D. 1954 . Secondary succession and growth of yellow poplar on the "Green Mountain" Nicholas County, West Virginia. Castanea 19: 81-7.
• Curtis, C. C. 1901 . Second flowering of the tulip-tree. J. New York Bot. Gard. 2: 136-8.
• Curtis, W. 1794 . Liriodendron tulipifera. Common tulip-tree. Bot. Mag. 8: t. 275.
• Day, F. P.; Monk, C. D. 1977 . Net primary production and phenology on a Southern Appalachian watershed. Amer. J. Bot. 64: 1117-25.
• De Steven, D. 1991 . Experiments on mechanisms of tree establishment in old-field succession: seedling emergence. Ecology 72: 1066-75.
• De Steven, D. 1991 . Experiments on mechanisms of tree establishment in old-field succession: seedling survival and growth. Ecology 72: 1076-88.
• Decker, K. L. M.; Boerner, R. E. J. 1997 . CA:Al ratio effects on growth and competitive interactions of northern red oak (Quercus rubra) and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 124: 286-96.
• Del Tredici, P. 1985 . What's in a leaf? Arnoldia (Jamaica Plain) 45: 2-6.
• Demuth, P.; Santamour, F. S. 1978 . Carotenoid flower pigments in Liriodendron and Magnolia. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 105: 65-6.
• Den Uyl, D. 1962 . Survival and growth of hardwood plantations on strip mine spoil banks of Indiana. J. Forest. 60(9): 603-6.
• Doley, D. 1970 . Effects of simulated drought on shoot development in Liriodendron seedlings. New Phyt. 69: 655-73.
• Downs, A. A. 1946 . Response to release of sugar maple, white oak, and yellow-poplar. J. Forest. 44: 22-7.
• Echternach, J. L.; Rose, R. K. 1987 . Use of woody vegetation by beavers in southeastern Virginia USA. Virginia J. Sci. 38: 226-232.
• Elliott, K.; Swank, W. 1994 . Impacts of drought on tree mortality and growth in a mixed hardwood forest. J. Veg. Sci. 5: 229-36.
• Erbar, C.; Leins, P. 1983 . On the sequence of floral organs in some Magnoliidae. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 103(4): 433-49.
• Floyd, B. W.; Noble, R. D. 1980 . Intraseasonal variation in chlorophyll content and chloroplast ultrastructure of selected plant species in a deciduous forest. Canad. J. Bot. 58: 1504-19.
• Gibson, H. H. 1905 . American forest trees - poplar or whitewood, Liriodendron tulipifera Linn. Hardwood Rec. 19: 14-5.
• Giersbach, J.; Crocker, W. 1929 . The effect of stratification on seeds of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Amer. J. Bot. 16: 855.
• Green, D. S. 1980 . The terminal velocity and dispersal of spinning samaras. Amer. J. Bot. 67: 1218-24.
• Greene, D. F.; Johnson, E. A. 1992 . Fruit abscission in Acer saccharinum with reference to seed dispersal. Canad. J. Bot. 70(11): 2277-83.
• Griffith, R. S. 1991 . Liriodendron tulipifera. ()
• Guard, A. T. 1943 . The development of the seed of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 53: 75-7.
• Guard, A. T.; Wean, R. E. 1941 . Seed production in the yellow poplar. J. Forest. 39: 1032-3.
• Guedes, M. 1968 . The carpel of the tulip-tree, Liriodendron tulipifera. Oesterr. Bot. Z. 115: 372-8.
• Guzzo, F. et al. et.al. 1994 . Pollen development in Liriodendron tulipifera: some unusual features. Canad. J. Bot. 72(3): 352-8. (French summary)
• Hardin, J. W.; Jones, K. A. 1989 . Atlas of foliar surface features in woody plants, X. Magnoliaceae of the United States. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 116: 164-73.
• Hengst, G. E.; Dawson, J. O. 1994 . Bark properties and fire resistance of selected tree species from the central hardwood region of North America. Canad. J. Forest Res. 24: 688-96.
• Hildebrand, E.; Skelly, J. M.; Fredericksen, T. S. 1996 . Foliar response of ozone-sensitve hardwood tree species from 1991 to 1993 in the Shenandoah National Park, Virginia. Canad. J. Forest Res. 26: 658-69. (French summary)
• Hollick, A. 1896 . Appendages to the petioles of Liriodendron. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 249-50 + 2pl..
• Holm, T. 1909 . Medicinal plants of North America. 30. Liriodendron tulipifera L. Merck Rep. 18: 198-201.
• Holsoe, T. 1951 . Yellow poplar reaction to crown release and other factors influencing growth.
• Hosner, J. F.; Graney, D. L. 1970 . The relative growth of three forest tree species on soils associated with different successional stages in Virginia. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 84: 418-27.
• Ingelsby, B. 1958 . Distribution of the tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) in southwestern New York. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 59: 397-417.
• Jackson, L. W. R.; Driver, C. H. 1969 . Morphology of mycorrhizae on deciduous forest tree species. Castanea 34: 230-5.
• Jacquart, E. M.; Armentano, T. V.; Spingarn, A. L. 1992 . Spatial and temporal tree responses to water stress in an old-growth deciduous forest. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 127: 158-71.
• Johnson, M. A.; Fairbrothers, D. E. 1965 . Comparison and interpretation of serological data in the Magnoliaceae. Bot. Gaz. 126(4): 260-9.
• Johnson, T. W. et al. et.al. 1957 . Observations on yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) dieback. Forest Sci. 3: 84-9.
• Jones, K. A. 1988 . Foliar surface features of the Magnoliaceae native in the United States. M.S. Thesis North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC,
• Kavanagh, K.; Carleton, T. J. 1990 . Seed production and dispersal patterns in populations of Liriodendron tulipifera at the northern edge of its range in southern Ontario, Canada. Canad. J. Forest Res. 20(9): 1461-70.
• Kim, S. et.al. 2001 . Phylogenetic relationships in family Magnoliaceae inferred from NDHF sequences. Amer. J. Bot. 88: 717-728.
• King, J. L. 1994 . Persistence of black cherry, white ash, and tulip poplar in an old-growth beech-maple forest. , Thesis Univ. Illinois, Chicago,
• Kolb, T. E.; Steiner, K. C.; McCormick, L. H.; Bowersox, T. W. 1990 . Growth response of northern red oak and yellow-poplar seedlings to light, soil moisture and nutrients in relation to ecological strategy. Forest Ecol. & Manag. 38: 65-78.
• Kostel-Hughes, F.; Young, T. P.; Wehr, J. D. 2005 . Effects of leaf litter depth on the emergence and seedling growth of deciduous forest tree species in relation to seed size. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 132: 50-61.
• Kota, N. L. et.al. 2007 . Germination and early growth of Ailanthus altissima and tulip poplar in three levels of forest disturbance. Biological Invasions 9: 197-211.
• Kozlowski, T. T. 1943 . Transpiration rates of some forest tree species during the dormant season. Pl. Physiol. (Lancaster) 18: 252-60.
• Kramer, P. J. 1943 . Amount and duration of growth of various species of tree seedlings. Pl. Physiol. (Lancaster) 18: 239-51.
• Latham, R. E. 1992 . Co-occurring tree species change rank in seedling performance with resources varied experimentally. Ecology 73: 2129-44.
• Lawrey, J. D. 1977 . Trace metal accumulation by plant species from a coal strip-mining area in Ohio. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 104: 368-375.
• Liu, Y.; Muller, R. N. 1993 . Effect of drought and frost on radial growth of overstory and understory stems in a deciduous forest. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 129: 19-25.
• Lloyd, J. U. 1884 . Liriodendron tulipifera. Drugs Med. N. Amer. 2: 8-18.
• Loach, K. 1970 . Shade tolerance in tree seedlings. II. Growth analysis of plants raised under artificial shade. New Phyt. 69: 273-86.
• Loach, K. 1967 . Shade tolerance in tree seedlings. I. Leaf photosynthesis and respiration in plants raised under artificial shade. New Phyt. 66: 607-21.
• Loats, K. V.; Rebbeck, J. 1999 . Interactive effects of ozone and elevated carbon dioxide on the growth and physiology of black cherry, green ash, and yellow poplar seedlings. Environmental Pollution 106: 237-248.
• Mahoney, M. J. et al. et.al. 1984 . Response of yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) seedling shoot growth to low concentrations of O3, SO2, and NO2. Canad. J. Forest Res. 14: 150-3.
• Maneval, W. B. 1914 . The development of Magnolia and Liriodendron. Bot. Gaz. 67: 1-31.
• Mariani, P.; Cappelletti, E. M.; Campoccia, D.; Baldan, B. 1989 . Oil cell ultrastructure and development in Liriodendron tulipifera L. Bot. Gaz. 150: 391-6.
• Marks, P. L.; Gardescu, S.; Hitzhusen, G. E. 1999 . Windstorm damage and age structure in an old growth forest in central New York. Northeastern Naturalist 6: 165-176.
• Marshall, J. M. et.al. 2009 . Competative interaction between Microstegium vimineum and first-year seedlings of three central hardwoods. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 136: 342-349.
• McApline, R. G. 1961 . Yellow-poplar seedlings intolerant to flooding J. Forest. 59(8): 566-8. (Also Fraxinus & Liquidambar)
• McCarthy, E. F. 1953 . Yellow poplar characteristics, growth, and management.
• McCormick, L. H.; Bowersox, T. W. 1997 . Grass or fern competition reduce growth and survival of planted tree seedlings.
• McCutchen, C. W. 1977 . The spinning rotation of ash and tulip-tree samaras. Science 197: 691-2.
• McDermott, J. J. 1941 . Changes in chemical composition of twigs and buds of Yellow Poplar during the dormant period. Pl. Physiol. (Lancaster) 16: 415-8.
• McNab, W. H.; Merschat, C. E. 1990 . Geologic variables associated with height of yellow-poplar stands in the bald mountains of North Carolina. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 106(2): 25-31.
• Meyer, B. S. 1932 . The daily periodicity of transpiration in the tulip poplar, Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ohio J. Science 32: 104-14.
• Miller, N. G.; Parks, C. R. 1980 . A study of the bitypic genus Liriodendron (Magnoliaceae). (Abstract)
• Millington, W. F.; Gunckel, J. E. 1950 . Structure and development of the vegetative shoot tip of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Amer. J. Bot. 37: 326-35.
• Minckler, L. S.; Jensen, C. E. 1959 . Reproduction of upland central hardwoods as affected by cutting, topography, and litter depth. J. Forest. 57: 424-8.
• Mitchell, R. S.; Beal, E. D. (eds.) (1979): 1979 . Magnoliaceae through Ceratophyllaceae of New York State. Vol. NY State Museum Bull. 435. Vol. Contributions to a Flora of New York State II.. Univ. of the state of NY, Albany, NY.
• Morawetz, W. 1981 . C-banding in Liriodendron tulipifera (Magnoliaceae): some karyological and systematic implications. Pl. Syst. Evol. 138: 209-16.
• Newhouse, M. E.; Madgwick, H. A. I. 1968 . Comparative seedling growth of four hardwood species. Forest Sci. 14: 27-30.
• Norwacki, G. J.; Abrams, M. D. 1994 . Forest composition, structure, and disturbance history of the Alan Seeger Natural Area, Huntington County, Pennsylvania. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 121(3): 277-91.
• Nowacki, G. J.; Abrams, M. D. 1994 . Forest composition, structure, and disturbance history of the Alan Seeger Natural Area, Huntington County, Pennsylvania. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 121: 277-91.
• Olson, D. F. 1969 . Silvical characteristics of Yellow-poplar.
• Orwig, D. A.; Abrams, M. D. 1994 . Contrasting radial growth and canopy recruitment patterns in Liriodendron tulipifera and Nyssa sylvatica: gap-obligate versus gap-facultative tree species. Canad. J. Forest Res. 24: 2141-9.
• Parks, C. R.; Miller, N. G.; Wendel, J. F.; McDougal, K. M. 1983 . Genetic divergence within the genus Liriodendron (Magnoliaceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 70: 658-66.
• Parks, C. R.; Wendel, J. F. 1990 . Molecular divergence between Asian and North American species of Liriodendron (Magnoliaceae) with implications of fossil floras. Amer. J. Bot. 77: 1243-56.
• Paton, R. R. 1945 . Storage of tuliptree seeds. J. Forest. 43: 765.
• Phillip, J. J. 1966 . Site index of yellow-poplar related to soil and topography in southern New Jersey.
• Pope, P. E.; Chaney, W. R.; Rhodes, J. D.; Woodhead, S. H. 1983 . The mycorrhizal dependency of four hardwood tree species. Canad. J. Bot. 61: 412-7.
• Pray, T. 1954 . Foliar venation of Angiosperms. I. Mature veination in Liriodendron. Amer. J. Bot. 41: 663-70.
• Pray, T. 1955 . Foliar venation of Angiosperms. II. Histogenesis of the veination of Liriodendron. Amer. J. Bot. 42: 18-27.
• Pregitzer, K. S. et.al. 2002 . Fine root architecture of nine North American trees. Ecol. Monogr. 72: 293-309.
• Rebbeck, J. 1996 . Chronic ozone effects on three northeastern hardwood species: growth and biomss. Canad. J. Forest Res. 26: 1788-98. (French summary)
• Rebbeck, J. et.al. 1998 . Gas exchange and chlorophyll concentration of yellow-poplar foliage during three seasons on ozone plus elevated carbon dioxide exposure.
• Rebbeck, J.; Loats, K. V. 1997 . Ozone effects on seedling sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera): gas exchange. Canad. J. Forest Res. 27: 1595-605.
• Reynolds, M. W. 1976 . Liriodendron tulipifera - its early uses. Arnoldia (Jamaica Plain) 36: 119-24.
• Rhoads, A. F. 1976 . Forest species show a delayed response to cement dust in the soil. J. Arboric. 2(10): 197-9.
• Roberts, B. R. 1964 . Effects of water stress on the translocation of photosynthetically assimilated carbon-14 in yellow-poplar. In: The formation of wood in forest trees. New York. , 273-88 pages.
• Roberts, S. W.; Knoerr, K. R.; Strain, B. R. 1979 . Comparative field water relations of four co-occurring forest tree species. Canad. J. Bot. 57: 1876-82.
• Santamour, F. S. 1971 . The two Tulip-trees. Amer. Hort. Mag. 50: 87-9.
• Santamour, F. S.; McArdle, A. J. 1984 . Cultivar checklist for Liqiudambar and Liriodendron. J. Arboric. 10: 309-312.
• Sargent, C. S. 1891 . Liriodendron. In: Silva North America. ,
• Scherzer, A. J.; Rebbeck, J.; Boerner, R. E. J. 1998 . Foliar nitrogen dynamics and decomposition of yellow-poplar and eastern white pine during four seasons of exposure to elevated ozone and carbon dioxide. Forest Ecol. & Manag. 109: 355-366.
• Schoenike, R. E. 1980 . Yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera): an annotated bibliography to and including 1974.
• Sewell, M. M.; Parks, C. R.; Chase, M. W. 1996 . Intraspecific chloroplast DNA variation and biogeography of North American Liriodendron L. (Magnoliaceae). Evolution 50: 1147-54.
• Shipman, R. D.; Rudolph, V. J. 1954 . Factors influencing height growth of planted yellow-poplar in southwestern Michigan.
• Simini, M.; Skelly, J. M.; Davis, D. D.; Savage, J. E. 1992 . Sensitivity of four hardwood species to ambient ozone in north central Pennsylvania. Canad. J. Forest Res. 22: 1789-99.
• Sims, I. H. 1932 . Establishment and survival of yellow poplar following a clear cutting in the southern Appalachians. J. Forest. 30: 409-14.
• Skeen, J. N.; Brown Carter, M. E.; Ragsdale, H. L. 1980 . Yellow-poplar: the Piedmont case. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 107: 1-6.
• Slade, B. 1959 . The mode of origin of vein endings in the leaf of Liriodendron tulipifera L. New Phyt. 58: 299-303.
• Smith, H. W. 1963 . Establishment of yellow poplar in canopy openings. D.F. Dissertation University of Yale,
• Sollins, P. 1972 . Organic matter budget and model for a southern Appalachian Liriodendron forest. Ph.D. Thesis University of Tennessee,
• Spongberg, S. A.; Bell, A. C. 1996 . Liriodendron tulipifera: the tulip-tree. New Plantsman 3: 204-15.
• Stephens, G. R. 1965 . Yellow poplar seedlings respond to soil temperature. J. Forest. 63: 701-3.
• Thien, L. B.; Heimermann, W. H.; Holman, R. T. 1975 . Floral odors and quantitative taxonomy of Magnolia and Liriodendron. Taxon 24: 557-68.
• Thomas, W. A. 1975 . Accumulation of rare earths and circulation of cerium by mockernut hickory trees. Canad. J. Bot. 53(12): 1159-65. (Also Acer, Liriodendron, Nyssa, & Quercus)
• Tryon, E. H.; Cantrell, J. O.; Carvell, K. L. 1957 . Effect of precipitation and temperature on increment of yellow-poplar. Forest Sci. 3: 32-44.
• Tryon, E. H.; Carvell, K. L. 1960 . Environmental factors affecting yellow-poplar under a young stand. Castanea 25: 69-73.
• Tryon, E. H.; Myers, C. A. 1952 . Periodic precipitation affects growth of yellow poplar on a West Virginia hillside. Castanea 17: 97-102.
• Tryon, E. H.; True, R. P. 1968 . Radial increment response of Appalachian hardwood species to a spring freeze. J. Forest. 66(6): 488-91.
• Vaartaja, O. 1961 . Demonstration of photoperiodic ecotypes in Liriodendron and Quercus. Canad. J. Bot. 39: 649-54.
• Vozzo, J. A.; Hacskaylo, E. 1964 . Anatomy of mycorrhizae of selected eastern forest trees. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 91: 378-387.
• Wallace, L. L.; Dunn, E. L. 1980 . Comparative photosynthesis of three gap phase successional tree species. Oecologia 45: 331-40.
• Warrillow, M.; Mou, P. 1999 . Ice storm damage to forest tree species in the ridge and valley region of southwestern Virginia. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 126: 147-158.
• Wei, Z. X.; Wu, Z. Y. 1993 . Pollen ultrastructure of Liriodendron and its systematic significance. Acta Bot. Yunnanica 15: 163-6. (In Chinese; English summary)
• Weisse, A. 1902 . Uber die Blattstellung von Liriodendron tulipifera. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 20: 488-93. (In German)
• Whitaker, T. W. 1933 . Chromosome number and relationship in the Magnoliales. J. Arnold Arbor. 14: 376-85.
• Wilder, C. M.; Holtzclaw, F . W.; Clebsch, E. E. C. 1999 . Succession, sapling density and growth in canopy gaps along a topographic gradient in a second growth east Tennessee forest. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 142: 201-212.
• Williams, R. D. 1964 . Release accelerates height growth of yellow poplar seedlings. J. Forest. 62(2): 95-7.
• Wood, C. E. 1958 . The genera of the woody Ranales of the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 39(3): 296-346.
• Xu, F. X. 2003 . Sclerotesta morphology and its systematic implications in magnoliaceous seeds. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 142: 407-424.