Key to the genera of Magnoliaceae

1. Leaves mostly 4-lobed, retuse at the apex...Liriodendron
1. Leaves entire or with 2 small basal lobes, acute to rounded at the apex...Magnolia

List of Magnoliaceae Genera

References to Magnoliaceae

• Afanasiev, M. 1937 . A physiological study of dormancy in seed of Magnolia acuminata L. Ph.D. Dissertation Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY122 p.
• Afanasiev, M. 1937 . A physiological study of dormancy in seed of Magnolia acuminata. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem. 208: 1-37.
• Andrews, F. M. 1901 . Karyokinesis in Magnolia and Liriodendron, with special reference to behavior of chromosomes. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 11: 134-42.
• Andrews, S. 1994 . Further notes on Liriodendron. Int. Dendrol. Soc. Year Book 1993: 42.
• Andrews, S. 1993 . Tree of the year: Liriodendron tulipifera. Int. Dendrol. Soc. Year Book 1992: 15-8.
• Angelo, R.; Boufford, D. E. 2010 . Atlas of the flora of New England: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Rhodora 112: 244-326.
• Anonymous 1970 . Tuliptree, Liriodendron tulipifera. Morton Arbor. Quart. 6: 14-5.
• Anonymous 1915 . Commercial uses of the tulip or yellow poplar. Amer. Forests 21: 834-40.
• Appleton, B. et.al. 1999 . Evaluating trees for saltwater spray tolerance for oceanfront sites. J. Arboric. 25: 205-209.
• Axelrod, D. I. 1983 . Biogeography of oaks in the arcto-tertiary province. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 70: 629-57. (Many other genera disscussed)
• Azuma, H. et.al. 2001 . Molecular phylogeny of the Magnoliaceae: the biogeography of tropical and temperate disjunctions. Amer. J. Bot. 88: 2275-2285.
• Azuma, H. et.al. 2011 . Intraspecific sequnce variation of cpDNA shows two distinct groups within Magnolia virginiana L. of eastern North America and Cuba. Castanea 76: 118-123.
• Balter, H.; Loeb, R. E. 1983 . Arboreal relationships on limestone and gneiss in northern New Jersey and southeastern New York. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 110: 370-9.
• Baranova, M. A. 1962 . The structure of stomata and epidermal cells in Magnoliales as related to the taxonomy of the genus Magnolia L. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Lenengrad) 47: 1108-15. (In Russian?)
• Barbanova, M. 1972 . Systematic anatomy of the leaf epidermis in the Magnoliaceae and some related families. Taxon 21: 447-69.
• Barkley, F. A. 1975 . A note concerning two flowering plants. Phytologia 32: 304.
• Basinger, M. A. 1999 . Notes on some naturalized woody plant species new to Illinois. Trans. Illinois State Acad. Sci. 92: 32-36.
• Beck, D. E.; Della-Bianca, L. 1981 . Yellow-poplar: characteristics and management.
• Berry, E. W. 1902 . Additional notes on Liriodendron leaves. Torreya 2: 33-7.
• Berry, E. W. 1903 . Liriodendron notes. Torreya 3: 129-32.
• Berry, E. W. 1902 . Notes on the phylogeny of Liriodendron. Bot. Gaz. 34: 44-63.
• Berry, E. W. 1901 . The origin of stipules in Liriodendron. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28: 493-8.
• Betts, H. S. 1954 . Yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera).
• Bhanderi, N. N. 1971 . Embryology of the Magnoliales and comments of their relationships. J. Arnold Arbor. 52: 1-39; 285-304.
• Bigelow, J. 1818 . Liriodendron tulipifera. Amer. Med. Bot. 2: 107-14.
• Blaney, J. R.; Tryon, E. H.; Linsky, B. 1977 . Effect of coal smoke on growth of four tree species. Castanea 42: 193-203.
• Boettcher, S. E.; Kalisz, P. J. 1990 . Single-tree influence on soil properties in the mountains of eastern Kentucky. Ecology 71: 1365-72.
• Boyce, S. G.; Hosner, J. F. 1963 . Alternating storage temperatures increase the germination of yellow-poplar seed. J. Forest. 61(10): 731-3.
• Braham, R. R.; Kellison, R. C. 1987 . Suppressed buds in yellow-poplar. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 103(2): 47-55.
• Brandt, C. J.; Rhoades, R. W. 1973 . Effects of limestone dust accumulation on lateral growth of forest trees. Environmental Pollution 4: 207-13.
• Buckner, E.; McCracken, W. 1978 . Yellow poplar: a component of climax forests. J. Forest. 76: 421-3.
• Busing, R. T. 1995 . Disturbance and the population dynamics of Liriodendron tulipifera: simulations with a spatial model of forest succession. J. Ecol. 83: 45-53.
• Bõrtels, A. 1974 . Amerikanische Magnolien. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 67: 55-9. (In German)
• Callaway, D. J. 1994 . The World of Magnolias. Timber Press, Portland, OR. , 322 pages.
• Callaway, D. J. 1994 . Magnolias. B. T. Batsford, London. , 260 pages.
• Canright, J. E. 1952 . The comparative morphology and relationships of the Magnoliaceae. I. Trends of specialization in the stamens. Amer. J. Bot. 39: 484-97.
• Canright, J. E. 1953 . The comparative morphology and relationships of the Magnoliaceae. I. Significance of the pollen. Phytomorphology 3: 355-65.
• Canright, J. E. 1960 . The comparative morphology and relationships of the Magnoliaceae. II. Carpels. Amer. J. Bot. 47: 145-55.
• Canright, J. E. 1955 . The comparative morphology and relationships of the Magnoliaceae. IV. Wood and nodal anatomy. J. Arnold Arbor. 36: 119-40.
• Canright, L. J. 1957 . Vegetative propagation of Liriodendron tulipifera. J. Forest. 55: 892-3.
• Carvell, K. L.; Koristian, C. F. 1955 . Production and dissemination of yellow poplar seed. J. Forest. 53: 169-70.
• Carvell, K. L.; Korstian, C. F. 1955 . Production and dissemination of yellow-poplar seed. J. Forest. 53: 169-70.
• Chapman, A. G. 1933 . Some effects of varying amounts of nitrogen on the growth of tulip poplar seedlings. Ohio J. Science 33: 164-81.
• Chappelka, A. H.; Chevone, B. I.; Burke, T. E. 1985 . Growth response of yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) seedlings to ozone, sulfur dioxide, and simulated acid precipitation alone and in combination. Environm. Exp. Bot. 25: 33-244.
• Cheadle, V. I. 1964 . Secondary phloem of Liriodendron tulipifera. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 36: 143-252.
• Chen, T.; Zhang, H. 1996 . A phytogeographical analysis of Magnoliaceae. Wuhan Bot. Res. 14: 141-6. (In Chinese; English summary)
• Clark, B. F.; Boyce, S. G. 1964 . Yellow poplar seed remains viable in the forest litter. J. Forest. 62(8): 564-7.
• Clark, F. B. 1964 . Micro-organisms and soil structure affect yellow-poplar growth.
• Clark, F. B. 1963 . Endotrophic mycorrhizae influence yellow poplar seedling growth. Science 140: 1220-3.
• Clinton, B. D.; Boring, L. R.; Swank, W. T. 1994 . Regeneration patterns in canopy gaps of mixed-oak forests of the southern Appalachians: influences of topographic position and evergreen understory. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 132: 308-19.
• Coker, W. C. 1930 . The bald cypress. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 46: 86-8. (Also Platanus & Liriodendron)
• Coladoanto, M. 1991 . Magnolia virginiana. ()
• Collingwood, G. H. 1943 . Cucumber tree. Amer. Forests 49: 352-3.
• Crang, R. E. et al. et.al. 1983 . Acid fog effects on yellow poplar leaf morphology. Micron 14: 75-6.
• Crang, R. E.; McQuattie, C. J. 1986 . Qualitative and quantitative effects of acid misting and two air pollutants on foliar structures of Liriodendron tulipifera. Canad. J. Bot. 64: 1237-43.
• Creasy, W. D. 1954 . Secondary succession and growth of yellow poplar on the "Green Mountain" Nicholas County, West Virginia. Castanea 19: 81-7.
• Curtis, C. C. 1901 . Second flowering of the tulip-tree. J. New York Bot. Gard. 2: 136-8.
• Curtis, W. 1794 . Liriodendron tulipifera. Common tulip-tree. Bot. Mag. 8: t. 275.
• Dandy, J. E. 1927 . The genera of Magnolieae. Kew Bull. 1927: 257-65.
• Dandy, J. E. 1927 . Key to the species of Magnolia. J. Roy. Hort. Soc. 52: 260-4.
• Daumann, E. 1930 . Das Bl³tennektarium von Magnolia und die Futterk÷rper in der Bl³te von Calycanthus. Planta 11: 108-16. (In German)
• Day, F. P.; Monk, C. D. 1977 . Net primary production and phenology on a Southern Appalachian watershed. Amer. J. Bot. 64: 1117-25.
• De Steven, D. 1991 . Experiments on mechanisms of tree establishment in old-field succession: seedling emergence. Ecology 72: 1066-75.
• De Steven, D. 1991 . Experiments on mechanisms of tree establishment in old-field succession: seedling survival and growth. Ecology 72: 1076-88.
• Decker, K. L. M.; Boerner, R. E. J. 1997 . CA:Al ratio effects on growth and competitive interactions of northern red oak (Quercus rubra) and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 124: 286-96.
• Del Tredici, P. 1985 . What's in a leaf? Arnoldia (Jamaica Plain) 45: 2-6.
• Del Tredici, P. 1981 . Magnolia virginiana in Massachusetts. Arnoldia (Jamaica Plain) 41: 36-49.
• Demuth, P.; Santamour, F. S. 1978 . Carotenoid flower pigments in Liriodendron and Magnolia. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 105: 65-6.
• Doley, D. 1970 . Effects of simulated drought on shoot development in Liriodendron seedlings. New Phyt. 69: 655-73.
• Downs, A. A. 1946 . Response to release of sugar maple, white oak, and yellow-poplar. J. Forest. 44: 22-7.
• Earle, T. T. 1938 . Origin of the seed coats in Magnolia. Amer. J. Bot. 25: 221-2.
• Eaton, R. J. 1928 . The present status of Magnolia virginiana in Massachusetts. Rhodora 30(358): 207-8.
• Echternach, J. L.; Rose, R. K. 1987 . Use of woody vegetation by beavers in southeastern Virginia USA. Virginia J. Sci. 38: 226-232.
• Elliott, K.; Swank, W. 1994 . Impacts of drought on tree mortality and growth in a mixed hardwood forest. J. Veg. Sci. 5: 229-36.
• Erbar, C.; Leins, P. 1983 . On the sequence of floral organs in some Magnoliidae. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 103(4): 433-49.
• Farr, C. H. 1918 . Cell division by furrowing in Magnolia. Amer. J. Bot. 5: 379-95.
• Figlar, R. B. 1998 . Molecular analysis: a new look at umbrella magnolias. Arnoldia (Jamaica Plain) 57: 22-9.
• Flora of North America Editorial Committee. 1997 . Flora of North America, Volume 3. Magnoliophyta: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Oxford University Press, New York. , 590 pages.
• Floyd, B. W.; Noble, R. D. 1980 . Intraseasonal variation in chlorophyll content and chloroplast ultrastructure of selected plant species in a deciduous forest. Canad. J. Bot. 58: 1504-19.
• Fogg, J. M. Jr. 1961 . The temperate American Magnolias. Morris Arbor. Bull. 12: 51-8.
• Freeman, O. M. 1951 . New Magnolia hybrids. Natl. Hort. Mag. 30: 132-5.
• Freeman, O. M. 1937 . A new Magnolia hybrid. Natl. Hort. Mag. 16: 161-2.
• Frodin, D. G.; Govaerts, R. 1996 . World checklist and bibliography of Magnoliaceae. Kew Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. , 72 pages.
• Gibson, H. H. 1905 . American forest trees - poplar or whitewood, Liriodendron tulipifera Linn. Hardwood Rec. 19: 14-5.
• Gibson, H. H. 1906 . American forest trees - 39. Cucumber tree, Magnolia acuminata Linn. Hardwood Rec. 23: 16-7.
• Giersbach, J.; Crocker, W. 1929 . The effect of stratification on seeds of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Amer. J. Bot. 16: 855.
• Good, R. D. 1925 . The past and present distribution of Magnoliae. Ann. Bot. (London) 39: 409-30.
• Gray, A. 1858 . A short exposition on the structure of the ovule and seed coats of Magnolia. J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 2: 106-10.
• Green, D. S. 1980 . The terminal velocity and dispersal of spinning samaras. Amer. J. Bot. 67: 1218-24.
• Greene, D. F.; Johnson, E. A. 1992 . Fruit abscission in Acer saccharinum with reference to seed dispersal. Canad. J. Bot. 70(11): 2277-83.
• Greller, A. M. et.al. 2011 . Magnolia acuminata, M. macrophylla, and M. tripetala in oak-dominated forests on the North shore of Long Island, New York. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 138: 225-238.
• Grier, N. M. 1917 . Note on fruit of mountain Magnolia. Rhodora 19: 256.
• Grieve, M. 1971 . A Modern Herbal. 2 Vols. Dover Publications, Inc., New York. , 888 pages.
• Griffith, R. S. 1991 . Liriodendron tulipifera. ()
• Guard, A. T. 1943 . The development of the seed of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 53: 75-7.
• Guard, A. T.; Wean, R. E. 1941 . Seed production in the yellow poplar. J. Forest. 39: 1032-3.
• Guedes, M. 1968 . The carpel of the tulip-tree, Liriodendron tulipifera. Oesterr. Bot. Z. 115: 372-8.
• Guzzo, F. et al. et.al. 1994 . Pollen development in Liriodendron tulipifera: some unusual features. Canad. J. Bot. 72(3): 352-8. (French summary)
• Hardin, J. W. 1954 . An analysis of variation within Magnolia acuminata L. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 70: 298-312.
• Hardin, J. W.; Jones, K. A. 1989 . Atlas of foliar surface features in woody plants, X. Magnoliaceae of the United States. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 116: 164-73.
• Harvill, A. M. 1964 . The Magnolias of Virginia. Castanea 29: 186-8.
• Heiser, C. B. Jr. 1962 . Some observations on pollination and compatability in Magnolia. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 72: 259-66.
• Hengst, G. E.; Dawson, J. O. 1994 . Bark properties and fire resistance of selected tree species from the central hardwood region of North America. Canad. J. Forest Res. 24: 688-96.
• Hildebrand, E.; Skelly, J. M.; Fredericksen, T. S. 1996 . Foliar response of ozone-sensitve hardwood tree species from 1991 to 1993 in the Shenandoah National Park, Virginia. Canad. J. Forest Res. 26: 658-69. (French summary)
• Hollick, A. 1896 . Appendages to the petioles of Liriodendron. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 249-50 + 2pl..
• Holm, T. 1909 . Medicinal plants of North America. 30. Liriodendron tulipifera L. Merck Rep. 18: 198-201.
• Holsoe, T. 1951 . Yellow poplar reaction to crown release and other factors influencing growth.
• Hosner, J. F.; Graney, D. L. 1970 . The relative growth of three forest tree species on soils associated with different successional stages in Virginia. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 84: 418-27.
• Ingelsby, B. 1958 . Distribution of the tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) in southwestern New York. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 59: 397-417.
• Jack, J. G. 1889 . Magnolia glauca in its most northern home. Gard. & Forest 2: 363-4.
• Jackson, L. W. R.; Driver, C. H. 1969 . Morphology of mycorrhizae on deciduous forest tree species. Castanea 34: 230-5.
• Jacquart, E. M.; Armentano, T. V.; Spingarn, A. L. 1992 . Spatial and temporal tree responses to water stress in an old-growth deciduous forest. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 127: 158-71.
• Johnson, D. L. 1989 . Species and cultivars of the genus Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) cultivated in the United States. M.S. Thesis Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY168 p.
• Johnson, M. A.; Fairbrothers, D. E. 1965 . Comparison and interpretation of serological data in the Magnoliaceae. Bot. Gaz. 126(4): 260-9.
• Johnson, T. W. et al. et.al. 1957 . Observations on yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) dieback. Forest Sci. 3: 84-9.
• Jones, K. A. 1988 . Foliar surface features of the Magnoliaceae native in the United States. M.S. Thesis North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC,
• Kavanagh, K.; Carleton, T. J. 1990 . Seed production and dispersal patterns in populations of Liriodendron tulipifera at the northern edge of its range in southern Ontario, Canada. Canad. J. Forest Res. 20(9): 1461-70.
• Kennedy, G. G. 1916 . Some historical data regarding the sweet bay and its station on Cape Ann. Rhodora 18): 205-12.
• Kim, S. et.al. 2001 . Phylogenetic relationships in family Magnoliaceae inferred from NDHF sequences. Amer. J. Bot. 88: 717-728.
• King, J. L. 1994 . Persistence of black cherry, white ash, and tulip poplar in an old-growth beech-maple forest. , Thesis Univ. Illinois, Chicago,
• Knapp, A. K.; Carter, G. A. 1998 . Variability in leaf optical properties among 26 species from a broad range of habitats. Amer. J. Bot. 85: 940-946.
• Kolb, T. E.; Steiner, K. C.; McCormick, L. H.; Bowersox, T. W. 1990 . Growth response of northern red oak and yellow-poplar seedlings to light, soil moisture and nutrients in relation to ecological strategy. Forest Ecol. & Manag. 38: 65-78.
• Kostel-Hughes, F.; Young, T. P.; Wehr, J. D. 2005 . Effects of leaf litter depth on the emergence and seedling growth of deciduous forest tree species in relation to seed size. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 132: 50-61.
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• Latham, R. E. 1992 . Co-occurring tree species change rank in seedling performance with resources varied experimentally. Ecology 73: 2129-44.
• Law, Y. W. 1984 . A preliminary study on the taxonomy of the family Magnoliaceae. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 22(2): 89-109. (In Chinese; English summary)
• Lawrey, J. D. 1977 . Trace metal accumulation by plant species from a coal strip-mining area in Ohio. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 104: 368-375.
• Leppik, E. E. 1976 . Morphogenic stagnation in the evolution of Magnolia flowers. Phytomorphology 25(4): 451-64.
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• Liu, Y.; Muller, R. N. 1993 . Effect of drought and frost on radial growth of overstory and understory stems in a deciduous forest. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 129: 19-25.
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• Maneval, W. B. 1914 . The development of Magnolia and Liriodendron. Bot. Gaz. 67: 1-31.
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• McApline, R. G. 1961 . Yellow-poplar seedlings intolerant to flooding J. Forest. 59(8): 566-8. (Also Fraxinus & Liquidambar)
• McCarthy, E. F. 1953 . Yellow poplar characteristics, growth, and management.
• McCormick, L. H.; Bowersox, T. W. 1997 . Grass or fern competition reduce growth and survival of planted tree seedlings.
• McCutchen, C. W. 1977 . The spinning rotation of ash and tulip-tree samaras. Science 197: 691-2.
• McDaniel, J. C. 1963 . Recent hybridizations with American Magnolias. Inter. Prop. Soc. Comb. Proc. 13: 124-32.
• McDaniel, J. C. 1967 . Self-infruitfulness of some Magnolias. Morris Arbor. Bull. 18: 64-9.
• McDaniel, J. C. 1966 . Variations in the sweet bay magnolias. Morris Arbor. Bull. 17: 7-12.
• McDermott, J. J. 1941 . Changes in chemical composition of twigs and buds of Yellow Poplar during the dormant period. Pl. Physiol. (Lancaster) 16: 415-8.
• McNab, W. H.; Merschat, C. E. 1990 . Geologic variables associated with height of yellow-poplar stands in the bald mountains of North Carolina. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 106(2): 25-31.
• McVaugh, R. 1936 . The cucumber tree in eastern New York. Castanea 1: 39-41.
• Melville, R. 1969 . Studies in floral structure and evolution. I. The Magnoliales. Kew Bull. 23: 133-80.
• Meyer, B. S. 1932 . The daily periodicity of transpiration in the tulip poplar, Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ohio J. Science 32: 104-14.
• Miller, N. G.; Parks, C. R. 1980 . A study of the bitypic genus Liriodendron (Magnoliaceae). (Abstract)
• Millington, W. F.; Gunckel, J. E. 1950 . Structure and development of the vegetative shoot tip of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Amer. J. Bot. 37: 326-35.
• Minckler, L. S.; Jensen, C. E. 1959 . Reproduction of upland central hardwoods as affected by cutting, topography, and litter depth. J. Forest. 57: 424-8.
• Mitchell, R. S.; Beal, E. D. (eds.) (1979): 1979 . Magnoliaceae through Ceratophyllaceae of New York State. Vol. NY State Museum Bull. 435. Vol. Contributions to a Flora of New York State II.. Univ. of the state of NY, Albany, NY.
• Mitchell, R. S.; Beal, E. O. 1979 . Magnoliaceae through Ceratophyllaceae of New York state. Contr. To a flora of New York state II. New York State Mus. Bull. 435: 1-end.
• Morawetz, W. 1981 . C-banding in Liriodendron tulipifera (Magnoliaceae): some karyological and systematic implications. Pl. Syst. Evol. 138: 209-16.
• Moseley, M. F. 1973 . Vegatative anatomy and morphology of Amentiferae. Brittonia 25(4): 356-70.
• Murray, E. 1972 . A Magnolia species checklist. Kalmia 4: 1-12.
• Murray, E. 1973 . Magnolia species descriptions. Kalmia 5: 1-17.
• Newhouse, M. E.; Madgwick, H. A. I. 1968 . Comparative seedling growth of four hardwood species. Forest Sci. 14: 27-30.
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• Nowacki, G. J.; Abrams, M. D. 1994 . Forest composition, structure, and disturbance history of the Alan Seeger Natural Area, Huntington County, Pennsylvania. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 121: 277-91.
• Olson, D. F. 1969 . Silvical characteristics of Yellow-poplar.
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• Parks, C. R.; Miller, N. G.; Wendel, J. F.; McDougal, K. M. 1983 . Genetic divergence within the genus Liriodendron (Magnoliaceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 70: 658-66.
• Parks, C. R.; Wendel, J. F. 1990 . Molecular divergence between Asian and North American species of Liriodendron (Magnoliaceae) with implications of fossil floras. Amer. J. Bot. 77: 1243-56.
• Paton, R. R. 1945 . Storage of tuliptree seeds. J. Forest. 43: 765.
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• Qiu, Y. L.; Parks, C. R. 1994 . Disparity of allozyme variation levels in three Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) species from the southeastern United States. Amer. J. Bot. 81(10): 1300-8.
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• Rebbeck, J. et.al. 1998 . Gas exchange and chlorophyll concentration of yellow-poplar foliage during three seasons on ozone plus elevated carbon dioxide exposure.
• Rebbeck, J.; Loats, K. V. 1997 . Ozone effects on seedling sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera): gas exchange. Canad. J. Forest Res. 27: 1595-605.
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