New York Metropolitan Flora

Genus: Pinus

Pinus virginiana
Pinus virginiana   Mill.  -  Virginia Pine
Photo © by Steven Clemants
Taken at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, NY, 1997.

By Science Staff

Not peer reviewed

Last Modified 01/25/2013

Back to Pinaceae

Nomenclature

Pinus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1000. 1753. Gen. Pl., ed. 5, 434. 1754. LECTOTYPE: Pinus sylvestris L. designated by Britton & Brown (1913).

Pinus sect. Strobus Sweet ex Spach, Hist. Nat. Veg. (Spach) 11: 394. 1841. Strobus (Sweet ex Spach) Opiz, Lotos 4: 94. 1854. Leucopitys Nieuwl., Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 69. 1913. TYPE: Strobus weymouthiana Opiz (=Pinus strobus L.).

Key to the species of Pinus

1. Needles in clusters of 5...Pinus strobus
1. Needles in clusters of 3 or less...2

2. Needles in clusters of 3 exclusively...Pinus rigida
2. Needles in clusters of 2 or 3...3

3. Needles in clusters of 2 and 3...4
3. Needles in clusters of 2 exclusively...5

4. Needles generally 3-6 cm...Pinus pungens
4. Needles generally 7-11 cm...Pinus echinata

5. Needles generally 7.5 cm or longer...6
5. Needles generally less than 7.5 cm...8

6. Buds not resinous...Pinus thunbergii
6. Buds resinous...7

7. Fresh needles snap or break when bent...Pinus resinosa
7. Fresh needles fold when bent...Pinus nigra

8. Needles generally 2.5 cm or less...Pinus banksiana
8. Needles generally 2.5 to 7.5 cm...9

9. Plant a low growing shrub...Pinus mugo
9. Plant a tree...10

10. Young twigs glaucous; needles with inconspicuous stomatal lines; bark on upper section of trunk reddish, scaly...Pinus virginiana
10. Young twigs not glaucous; needles with conspicuous stomatal lines; bark on upper section of trunk orange, platy...Pinus sylvestris

List of Pinus Species

Pinus banksiana Pinus echinata Pinus mugo Pinus nigra Pinus pungens Pinus resinosa Pinus rigida Pinus strobus Pinus sylvestris Pinus thunbergii Pinus virginiana

References to Pinus

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  • Abrams, M. D.; Orwig, D. A. 1995. Structure, radial growth dynamics and recent climatic variations of a 320-year-old Pinus rigida rock outcrop community. Oecologia 101: 353-60.
  • Abrams, M. D.; Orwig, D. A. 1996. A 300-year history of disturbance and canopy recruitment for co-occurring white pine and hemlock on the Allegheny Plateau, U.S.A. J. Ecol. 84: 353-63.
  • Ahlgren, C. E.; Ahlgren, I. F. 1981. Some effects of different forest litters on seed germination and growth. Canad. J. Forest Res. 11: 710-714.
  • Alexander, E. J. 1958. Pinus banksiana. Addisonia 23: 39-40.
  • Alfieri, F. J.; Evert, R. F. 1973. Structure and seasonal development of the secondary phloem in the Pinaceae. Bot. Gaz. 134(1): 17-25.
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  • Ammann, B. R. 1977. A pollenmorphological distinction between Pinus banksiana Lamb. and P. resinosa Ait. Pollen & Spores 19(4): 521-9.
  • Andresen, J. W. 1959. A study of pseudonanism in Pinus rigida Mill. Ecol. Monogr. 29: 309-32.
  • Andressen, J. W. 1957. Precocity of Pinus rigida Mill. Castanea 22: 130-4.
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  • Argus, G. W. 1971. A necessary name change for jack pine: Pinus divaricata in lieu of P. banksiana. Canad. J. Bot. 49(4): 573-6.
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  • Baker, S. S.; Rugh, C. L.; Whitmore, F. W.; Kamalay, J. C. 1996. Genes encoding 11S-Globulin-like proteins are expressed in the megagametophyte soon after fertilization in eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.). Int. J. Plant Sci. 157: 453-61.
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  • Baldwin, H. I. 1932. Alcohol separation of empty seed, and its effect on the germination of red spruce. Amer. J. Bot. 19: 1-11.
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  • Barden, L. S. 1988. Drought and survival in a self-perpetuating Pinus pungens population: equilibrium or nonequilibrium? Amer. Midl. Naturalist 119(2): 253-7.
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  • Barton, A. M.; Wallenstein, M. D. 1997. Effects of invasion of Pinus virginiana on soil properties in serpentine barrens in southeastern Pennsylvania. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 124: 297-305.
  • Barton, L. V. 1930. Hastening the germination of some coniferous seeds. Amer. J. Bot. 17: 88-115.
  • Beal, J. M. 1934. Chromosome behavior in Pinus banksiana following fertilization. Bot. Gaz. 95: 660-6.
  • Beaufait, W. R. 1960. Some effects of high temperatures on the cones and seeds of jack pine. Forest Sci. 6: 194-9.
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  • Bergmann, F.; Gillet, E. M. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships among Pinus species (Pinaceae) inferred from different numbers of 6PGDH loci. Pl. Syst. Evol. 208: 25-34.
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  • Bormann, F. H. 1953. Factors determining the role of loblolly pine and sweetgum in early old-field succession in the Piedmont of North Carolina. Ecol. Monogr. 23: 339-58.
  • Bormann, F. H. 1961. Intraspecific root grafting and the survival of eastern white pine stumps. Forest Sci. 7: 248-55.
  • Bormann, F. H. 1963. Ontogenetic relationships of the primary leaf of Pinus taeda L. and P. echinata Mill. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 90: 320-332.
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  • Bramble, W. C.; Goddard, M. K. 1942. Effect of animal coaction and seedbed conditions on regeneration of pitch pine in the barrens of central Pennsylvania. Ecology 23: 330-5.
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  • Buchholz, J. T. 1920. Embryo development and polyembryony in relation to the phylogeny of conifers. Amer. J. Bot. 7: 125-45.
  • Buchholz, K. 1983. Initial responses of pine and oak to wildfire in the New Jersey Pine Barrens Plains. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 110: 91-6.
  • Buchholz, K. 1980. Mineral nutrient accumulations in Pinus rigida Mill. from Plains and Barrens populations in the New Jersey Pine Barrens, and an analysis of density, biomass and net annual above-ground productivity of Plains Pinus rigida. Ph.D. Dissertation Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ185 p.
  • Buchholz, K.; Good, R. E. 1982. Density, age structure, biomass and net annual above-ground productivity of dwarfed Pinus rigida Mill. from the New Jersey Pine Barrens Plains. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 109: 24-34.
  • Buell, J. H. 1940. Red pine in West Virginia. Castanea 5: 1-6.
  • Buell, M. F. 1946. A size frequency study of Pinus banksiana pollen. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 62: 221-8.
  • Buell, M. F. 1947. Mass dissemination of pine pollen J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 63: 163-7.
  • Bump, N. G. 1926. Some observations of forest tree seeds and the early development of the seedlings. M.S. Thesis Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY64 p.
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  • Carey, J. H. 1993. Pinus banksiana. ()
  • Carey, J. H. 1992. Pinus echinata. ()
  • Carey, J. H. 1992. Pinus pungens. ()
  • Carey, J. H. 1993. Pinus resinosa. ()
  • Carey, J. H. 1992. Pinus rigida. ()
  • Carey, J. H. 1993. Pinus strobus. ()
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  • Cayford, J. H.; Waldron, R. M. 1965. Multiple jack pine seedlings. Canad. J. Bot. 43: 481-2.
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  • Chaney, W. R.; Kozlowski, T. T. 1969. Seasonal and diurnal changes in water balance of fruits, cones, and leaves of forest trees. Canad. J. Bot. 47: 1407-17.
  • Chapman, H. H. 1952. The place of fire in the ecology of pines. Bartonia 26: 39-44.
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  • Cherosciewicz, Z. 1990. Site conditions for jack pine seeding. Forest. Chron. 66: 579-84.
  • Cheyney, E. G. 1932. The roots of a jack pine tree. J. Forest. 30: 929-32.
  • Ching, T. M.; Ching, K. K. 1964. Freeze-drying pine pollen. Pl. Physiol. (Lancaster) 39: 705-9.
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  • Cook, E. R.; Jacoby, G. C. 1977. Tree-ring drought relationships in the Hudson Valley, New York. Science 198(4315): 399-401. (Pinus, Quercus, & Tsuga used for dendrochronology)
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