New York Metropolitan Flora

Key to the genera of Pinaceae

2. Needles attached directly to stem, leaving a smooth, rounded scar upon detachment...3
2. Needles attached to persistent, minutely elevated or projecting peg-like woody structures (sterigmata)...4

3. Buds rounded, usually resinous; cones upright; cone scales without prominent lobes...Abies
3. Buds pointed, not resinous; cones pendulous; cone scales with 3 prominent lobes, the middle lobe long and narrow...Pseudotsuga

4. Needles quadrangular in cross section...Picea
4. Needles flat in cross section...Tsuga

5. Needles in cluster of 10-60, deciduous...Larix
5. Needles in clusters of 2-5, evergreen...Pinus

List of Pinaceae Genera

References to Pinaceae

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• Abbott, H. G. 1962. Tree seed preferences of mice and voles in the Northeast. J. Forest. 60(2): 97-9.
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• Argus, G. 1973. Pinus banksiana Lamb. or Pinus divaricata (Aiton) Dumont? Taxon 22: 318-319.
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• Baldwin, H. I. 1935. Seasonal variations in the germination of red spruce. Amer. J. Bot. 22: 392-4.
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• Birks, H. J. B.; Peglar, S. M. 1980. Identification of Picea pollen of late Quaternary age in eastern North America: a numerical approach. Canad. J. Bot. 58: 2043-58.
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• Bobola, M. S. 1996. Using nuclear and organelle DNA markers to discriminate among Picea rubens, Picea mariana, and their hybrids. Canad. J. Forest Res. 26: 433-43. (French summary)
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• Boettcher, S. E.; Kalisz, P. J. 1990. Single-tree influence on soil properties in the mountains of eastern Kentucky. Ecology 71: 1365-72.
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• Carey, J. H. 1992. Pinus echinata. ()
• Carey, J. H. 1992. Pinus pungens. ()
• Carey, J. H. 1993. Pinus resinosa. ()
• Carey, J. H. 1992. Pinus rigida. ()
• Carey, J. H. 1993. Pinus strobus. ()
• Carey, J. H. 1993. Tsuga canadensis. ()
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• Chabot, J. F.; Chabot, B. F. 1977. Ultrastructure of the epidermis and stomatal complex of balsam fir (Abies balsamea). Canad. J. Bot. 55(9): 1064-75.
• Chabot, J. F.; Chabot, B. F. 1975. Development and seasonal patterns of mesophyll ultrastructure in Abies balsamea. Canad. J. Bot. 53: 295-304.
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