New York Metropolitan Flora

Genus: Lonicera

Lonicera sempervirens
Lonicera sempervirens   L.  -  Trumpet Honeysuckle
Photo © by Brooklyn Botanic Garden
Photo taken bt G. A. Kalmbacher in Jamaica, NY.

By Steven D. Glenn

Not peer reviewed

Last Modified 02/15/2013

Back to Caprifoliaceae

Nomenclature

Lonicera L., Sp. Pl. 1: 173. 1753. Gen. Pl., ed.5, 80. 1754. Caprifolium Mill., Gard. Dict. Abr. ed. 4. 1754, nom. illeg. (Art. 52.1). Euchylia Dulac, Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées 463. 1867, nom. illeg. (Art. 52.1). LECTOTYPE: Lonicera caprifolium L. designated by Britton & Brown (1913), or Lonicera xylosteum designated by Rehder (1949).

Xylosteon Mill., Gard. Dict. abr. ed. 4. 1754. TYPE: Xylosteon pyrenaicum (L.) Dum. Cour. (=Lonicera pyrenaica L.).

Periclymenum Mill., Gard. Dict. abr. ed. 4. 1754. TYPE: Not designated.

Chamaecerasus Duhamel, Traite Arb. Arbust. 1: 153. 1755. Chamerasia Raf., Ann. Gen. Sci. Phys. 6: 83. 1820. TYPE: Not designated.

Phenianthus Raf., Ann. Gen. Sci. Phys. 6: 83. 1820. TYPE: Unknown.

Nintooa Sweet, Hort. Brit. (Sweet) (ed. 2), 258. 1830. TYPE: Unknown.

Key to the species of Lonicera

 1. Woody vines...2
1. Shrubs...4

2. Flowers and fruits sessile; all leaves petiolate...Lonicera japonica
2. Flowers and fruits stalked; upper leaves connate...3

3. Corolla strongly bilabiate, less than 2.7 cm in length; all leaves connate...Lonicera dioica
3. Corolla scarcely bilabiate, greater than 2.7 cm in length; some lower leaves petiolate...Lonicera sempervirens

4. Flowers and fruits sessile...Lonicera maackii
4. Flowers and fruits stalked...5

5. Flowers appearing before the leaves expand...Lonicera fragrantissima
5. Flowers appearing after the leaves expand...6

6. Style glabrous...Lonicera canadensis
6. Style hirsute...7

7. Corolla strongly bilabiate...Lonicera xylosteum
7. Corolla scarcely bilabiate...8

8. Leaves glabrous beneath; peduncles 1.5 to 2.5 cm...Lonicera tatarica
8. Leaves hairy beneath; peduncles 0.5 to 1.5 cm...Lonicera morrowii
(Note: Lonicera ×bella, the hybrid between L. tatarica and L. morrowii combines characters of both species and is very difficult to separate from its parents).

List of Lonicera Species

Lonicera x bella Lonicera canadensis Lonicera caprifolium Lonicera dioica Lonicera fragrantissima Lonicera japonica Lonicera maackii Lonicera morrowii Lonicera periclymenum Lonicera sempervirens Lonicera tatarica Lonicera xylosteum

References to Lonicera

  • Ahlgren, C. E.; Ahlgren, I. F. 1981. Some effects of different forest litters on seed germination and growth. Canad. J. Forest Res. 11: 710-714.
  • Alexander, E. J. 1939. Lonicera canadensis. Addisonia 21: 9.
  • Alexander, E. J. 1944. Lonicera maackii erubescens. Addisonia 22: 31-2.
  • Ambler, M. A. 1965. Seven alien plant species. William L. Hutcheson Memorial For. Bull. 2: 1-8.
  • Andrews, E. F. 1919. The Japanese honeysuckle in the eastern United States. Torreya 19: 37-43.
  • Anonymous 1884. Proceedings of the Torrey Club. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 11: 139-40.
  • Antonen, A. 1990. Combating porcelain berry, bittersweet, and Lonicera maackii at Wave Hill.
  • Arber, E. A. N. 1903. On the synanthy in the genus Lonicera. J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 35: 463-74.
  • Artiushenko, Z. T. 1951. On the nature of the giant cells in the ovary of Lonicera L. (In Russian). Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Lenengrad) 36: 532-4.
  • Baillon, H. 1880. Rubiacees. Hist. Pl. 7: 257-503. (In French)
  • Barden, L. S.; Matthews, J. F. 1980. Change in abundance of honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) and other ground flora after prescribed burning of a piedmont pine forest. Castanea 45: 257-60.
  • Barnes, W. 1972. Some aspects of the ecology of honeysuckle in the arboretum. Arboretum News Univ. Wisconsin 21(2): 1-6.
  • Barnes, W. J. 1972. The autoecology of the Lonicera x bella complex. Ph.D. Dissertation Univ. Wisconsin, Madison,
  • Barnes, W. J.; Cottam, G. 1974. Some autoecological studies of the Lonicera x bella complex. Ecology 55: 40-50. (see also Diss. Abstr. Int., B, 33(6):2560. 1972.)
  • Bartuszevige, A. M. et.al. 2006. Weather-related patterns of fruit abscission mask patterns of frugivory. Canad. J. Bot. 84: 869-875. (Lonicera maackii)
  • Bartuszevige, A. M. et.al. 2006. The relative importance of landscape and community features in the invasion of an exotic shrub in a fragmented landscape. Ecography 29: 213-222.
  • Bartuszevige, A. M. et.al. 2007. Effects of leaf litter on establishment, growth and survival of invasive plant seedlings in a deciduous forest. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 158: 472-477. (Alliaria petiolata & Lonicera maackii)
  • Bartuszevige, A. M.; Gorchov, D. L. 2006. Avian dispersal of an invasive shrub. Biological Invasions 8: 1013-1022.
  • Batcher, M. S.; Stiles, S. A. 2000. Element stewardship abstract for Lonicera - bush honeysuckles. (L. maackii, L. morrowii, L. tatarica, & L. x bella)
  • Bell, D. J.; Forseth, I. N.; Teramura, A. H. 1988. Field water relations of three temperate vines. Oecologia 74: 537-45.
  • Boynton, K. R. 1925. Lonicera fragratissima. Addisonia 10: 41-2.
  • Brender, E. V. 1960. Progress report on control of honeysuckle and kudzu. So. Weed Conf. Proc. 13: 187-93.
  • Brender, E. V. 1961. Control of honeysuckle and kudzu.
  • Broadhurst, J. 1909. Fasciation in Japan honeysuckle. Torreya 9: 208-9.
  • Brown, W. T. et.al. 2001. Volunteer monitoring of nonindigenous invasive plant species in the Adirondack Park, New York, USA. Natural Areas Journal 21: 189-196.
  • Caiazza, N. A.; Quinn, J. A. 1980. Leaf morphology in Arenaria patula and Lonicera japonica along a pollution gradient. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 107: 9-18.
  • Carter, G. A.; Teramura, A. H. 1988. Vine photosynthesis and relationships to climbing mechanics in a forest understory. Amer. J. Bot. 75: 1011-8.
  • Carter, G. A.; Teramura, A. H. 1988. Nonsummer stomatal conductance for the invasive vines kudzu and Japanese honeysuckle. Canad. J. Bot. 66: 2392-5.
  • Carter, G. A.; Teramura, A. H.; Forseth, I. N. 1989. Photosynthesis in an open field for exotic versus native vines of the southeastern United States. Canad. J. Bot. 67: 443-6. (French summary)
  • Castellano, S. M.; Boyce, R. L. 2007. Spatial patterns of Juniperus virginiana and Lonicera maackii on a road cut in Kentucky, USA. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 134: 188-198.
  • Chiu, S. T. et.al. 1992. Xylem structure and water transport in a twiner, a scrambler, and a shrub of Lonicera (Caprifoliaceae). Trees-Berlin 6: 216-224.
  • Cipollini, D. et.al. 2008. Contrasting effects of allelochemicals from two invasive plants on the performance of a nonmycorrhizal plant. Int. J. Plant Sci. 169: 371-375. (Alliaria petiolata & Lonicera maackii)
  • Cipollini, D.; Dorning, M. 2008. Direct and indirect effects of conditioned soils and tissue extracts of the invasive shrub, Lonicera maackii, on target plant performance. Castanea 73: 166-176.
  • Cipollini, K. A. 2008. Separating above- and belowground effects of Alliaria petiolata and Lonicera maackii on the performance of Impatiens capensis. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 160: 117-128.
  • Cochrane, T. S. 1995. Lonicera maackii (Caprifoliaceae) naturalized in Wisconsin. Michigan Bot. 34: 79-83.
  • Coladoanto, M. 1992. Lonicera japonica. ()
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  • Collier, M. H.; Vankat, J. L. 2002. Diminished plant richness and abundance below Lonicera maackii, an invasive shrub. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 147: 60-71.
  • Coombs, G. 1999. Delayed Glyphosate treatment of honeysuckle stumps in effective (Wisconsin). Ecological Restoration 17: 88. (Lonicera x bella)
  • Cram, W. H. 1982. Seed germination of elder (Sambucus pubens) and honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica). Hortscience 17: 618-619.
  • De Vos, F. 1951. The stem anatomy of some species of the Caprifoliaceae with reference to phylogeny and identification of the species. Ph.D. Dissertation Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY81 p.
  • Deering, R. H.; Vankat, J. L. 1999. Forest colonization and developmental growth of the invasive shrub Lonicera maackii. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 141: 43-50.
  • Demars, B. G.; Boerner, R. E. J. 1997. Foliar nutrient dynamics and resorption in naturalized Lonicera maackii (Caprifoliaceae) populations in Ohio, USA. Amer. J. Bot. 84: 112-7.
  • Dillenburg, L. R. 1991. Competitive interactions between the vines Lonicera japonica or Parthenocissus quinquefolia and the tree host Liquidambar styraciflua- effects and mechanisms. Ph.D. Dissertation Univ. Maryland, College Park, MD,
  • Dillenburg, L. R.; Teramura, A. H.; Forseth, I. N.; Whigham, D. F. 1995. Photosynthetic and biomass allocation responses of Liquidambar styraciflua (Hamamelidaceae) to vine competition. Amer. J. Bot. 82(4): 454-61.
  • Dillenburg, L. R.; Whigham, D. F.; Teramura, A. H.; Forseth, I. N. 1993. Effects of vine competition of availability of light, water, and nitrogen to a tree host Liquidambar styraciflua. Amer. J. Bot. 80: 244-52.
  • Dillenburg, L. R.; Whigham, D. F.; Teramura, A. H.; Forseth, I. N. 1993. Effects of below and above ground competition from the vines Lonicera japonica and Parthenocissus quinquefolia on the growth of the tree host Liquidambar styraciflua. Oecologia 93: 48-54.
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  • Ferguson, I. K. 1966. The genera of the Caprifoliaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 47: 33-59.
  • Fernald, M. L. 1925. The American representatives of Lonicera caerulea. Rhodora 27: 1-11.
  • Fernald, M. L.; Wiegand, K. M. 1910. The variations of Lonicera caerulea in Eastern America. Rhodora 12: 209-11.
  • Field, R. J.; Mitchell, W. A. 1988. Bush honeysuckles (Lonicera spp.). Section 7.5.5.
  • Friedland, A. J.; Smith, A. P. 1982. Effects of vines on successional herbs. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 108: 402-3.
  • Fukuoka, N. 1974. Taxonomy of the Caprifoliaceae. Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 26(1-2): 18-27. (In Japanese)
  • Gasson, P. 1979. The identification of eight woody genera of the Caprifoliaceae by selected features of their root anatomy. J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 78: 267-284.
  • Gayek, A.; Quigley, M. F. 2001. Does topography affect the colonization of Lonicera maackii and Ligustrum vulgare in a forested glen in southwestern Ohio? Ohio J. Science 101: 95-100.
  • Glenn, Steven D. 1995. Honeybees (Apis sp.) visiting honeysuckle (Lonicera morrowii) flowers.
  • Goodell, K. et.al. 2010. Pollen limitation and local habitat-dependent pollinator interactions in the invasive shrub Lonicera maackii. Int. J. Plant Sci. 171: 63-72.
  • Gorchov, D. L.; Trisel, D. E. 2003. Competitive effects of the invasive shrub, Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder (Caprifoliaceae), on the growth and survival of native tree seedlings. Plant Ecology 166: 13-24.
  • Gorham, E.; Gordon, A. G. 1960. Some effects of smelter pollution northeast of Falconbridge, Ontario. Canad. J. Bot. 38: 307-12.
  • Gould, A. M. A. 1996. Effects of the exotic invasive shrub Lonicera maackii, Amur honeysuckle, on native forest annual herbs. M.S. Thesis Miami Univ., Oxford, OH68 p.
  • Gould, A. M. A.; Gorchov, D. L. 2000. Effects of the exotic invasive shrub Lonicera maackii on the survival and fecundity of three species of native annuals. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 144: 36-50.
  • Graenicher, S. 1900. The fertilization of Symphoricarpos and Lonicera. Bull. Wisconsin Nat. Hist. Soc. 1: 141-156.
  • Gray, A. 1883. Lonicera grata. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 10: 94-5.
  • Green, P. S. 1966. Identification of the species and hybrids in the Lonicera tartarica complex. J. Arnold Arbor. 47: 75-88.
  • Hardt, R. A. 1986. Japanese honeysuckle: from "one of the best" to ruthless pest. Arnoldia (Jamaica Plain) 46: 27-34.
  • Harrington, R. A.; Brown, B. J.; Reich, P. B. 1989. Ecophysiology of exotic and native shrubs in southern Wisconsin I. Oecologia 80: 356-367.
  • Harrington, R. A.; Brown, B. J.; Reich, P. B. 1989. Ecophysiology of exotic and native shrubs in southern Wisconsin II. Oecologia 80: 368-373.
  • Hartman, K. M.; McCarthy, B. C. 2007. A dendro-ecological study of forest overstorey productivity following the invasion of the non-indigenous shrub Lonicera maackii. Applied Veg. Sci. 10: 3-14.
  • Hartman, K. M.; McCarthy, B. C. 2008. Changes in forest structure and species composition following invasion by a non-indigenous shrub, Amue honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii). J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 135: 245-259.
  • Hauser, E. 1966. The natural occurrence of a hybrid honeysuckle (Lonicera x bella) in Ohio and Michigan. Michigan Bot. 5: 211-7.
  • Heale, E. L.; Ormrod, D. P. 1982. Effects of nickle and copper on Acer rubrum, Cornus stolonifera, Lonicera tatarica, and Pinus resinosa. Canad. J. Bot. 60: 2674-81.
  • Herron, P.M. et.al. 2007. Invasive plants and their ecological strategies: prediction and explanation of woody plant invasion in New England. Diversity and Distributions 13: 633-644.
  • Hidayati, S. N. 2000. A comparative study of seed dormancy in five genera of Caprifoliaceae s.l. Ph.D. Dissertation Univ. Kentucky, Lexington,
  • Hidayati, S. N.; Baskin, J. M.; Baskin, C. C. 2002. Effects of dry storage on germination and survivorship of seeds of four Lonicera species (Caprifoliaceae). Seed Sci. Tech. 30: 137-148.
  • Hidayati, S. N.; Baskin, J. M.; Baskin, C. C. 2000. Dormancy-breaking and germination requirements of seeds of four Lonicera species (Caprifoliaceae) with underdeveloped spatulate embryos. Seed Sci. Res. 10: 459-469.
  • Hill, S. R.; Horn, C. N. 1997. Additions to the Flora of South Carolina. Castanea 62: 194-208. (Lonicera morrowii in SC)
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  • Hutchinson, T. F. 1995. Invasion of deciduous forests in southwestern Ohio by the exotic shrub Lonicera maackii: community and landscape studies. M.S. Thesis Miami Univ., Oxford, OH,
  • Hutchinson, T. F.; Vankat, J. L. 1997. Invasibility and effects of Amur honeysuckle in southwestern Ohio forests. Conserv. Biol. 11: 1117-24.
  • Hutchinson, T. F.; Vankat, J. L. 1998. Landscape structure and spread of the exotic shrub Lonicera maackii (Amur honeysuckle) in southwestern Ohio forests. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 139: 383-90.
  • Ingold, J. L.; Craycraft, M. J. 1983. Avian frugivory on honeysuckle (Lonicera) in southwestern Ohio U.S.A. Ohio J. Science 83: 256-258.
  • Janaki Ammal, E. K.; Saunders, B. 1952. Chromosome numbers in species of Lonicera. Kew Bull. 7: 539-541.
  • Kemp, E. L. 1924. Some observations on Lonicera japonica Thunb. (Japanese honeysuckle). Torreya 24: 103-4.
  • Kline, V. 1981. Control of honeysuckle and buckthorn in oak forests. Restor. Manag. Notes 1: 18.
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  • Lamond, M. 1974. Concaulescences et gamophyllies atypiques dans le genre Lonicera (Caprifoliaceae). M.S. Thesis Univ. Montreal, Canada, (In French)
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  • Luken, J. O. 1990. Forest and pasture communities respond differently to cutting of exotic Amur honeysuckle (Kentucky). Restor. Manag. Notes 8: 122-3.
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  • Resasco, J. et.al. 2007. Detecting an invasive shrub in a deciduous forest understory using late-fall Landsat sensor imagery. Int. J. Remote Sensing 28: 3739-3745. (Lonicera maackii)
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  • Ruesink, A. 1998. Links between land use and Lonicera: patterns of honeysuckle invasion in a post-agricultural landscape. M.S. Thesis Univ. Vermont,
  • Rüdenberg, L. 1969. A karyological study of Lonicera, II. J. Arnold Arbor. 50: 449-51.
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