New York Metropolitan Flora

Family: Brassicaceae

By Science Staff

Not peer reviewed

Last Modified 04/15/2013

List of Brassicaceae Genera

Alliaria Cardamine Brassica Cakile Coronopus Sinapis Erucastrum Diplotaxis Eruca Raphanus Rapistrum Conringia Lepidium Cardaria Isatis Thlaspi Teesdalia Capsella Neslia Bunias Lunaria Alyssum Lobularia Berteroa Draba Armoracia Arabis Arabidopsis Hesperis Barbarea Malcolmia Erysimum Sisymbrium Rorippa Camelina Descurainia Nasturtium Coincya Aurinia Iodanthus Chorispora

References to Brassicaceae

  • Adair, J. A. et.al. 1990. Effects of fruit burial depth and wrack on the germination and emergence of the strandline species Cakile edentula Brassicaceae. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 117: 138-142.
  • Aksoy, A. et.al. 1999. Towards a simplified taxonomy of Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (Brassicaceae). Watsonia 22: 243-250.
  • Aksoy, A. et.al. 1999. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. as a biomonitor of heavy metals. Science of the Total Environment 226: 177-186.
  • Al-Shehbaz, I. A. 1984. The tribes of Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 65: 343-373.
  • Al-Shehbaz, I. A. 1985. The genera of Brassiceae (Cruciferae; Brassicaceae) in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 66: 279-351.
  • Al-Shehbaz, I. A. 1987. The genera of Alysseae (Cruciferae; Brassicaceae) in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 68: 185-240.
  • Al-Shehbaz, I. A. 2003. Transfer of most North American species of Arabis to Boechera (Brassicaceae). Novon 13: 381-391.
  • Al-Shehbaz, I. A. et.al. 2002. Cardaria, Coronopus, and Stroganowia are united with Lepidium (Brassicaceae). Novon 12: 5-11.
  • Al-Shehbaz, I. A.; Bates, V et.al. 1987. Armoracia lacustis (Brassicaceae), the correct name for the North American Lake Cress. J. Arnold Arbor. 68: 357-359.
  • Al-Shehbaz, I. A.; Price, R. A. 1998. Delimitation of the genus Nasturtium (Brassicaceae). Novon 8: 124-126.
  • Aliyu, O. M. et.al. 2010. Quantitaive variation for apomictic reproduction in the genus Boechera (Brassicaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 97: 1719-1731.
  • Anderson, R. C. et.al. 1996. Aspects of the ecology of an invasive plant, garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), in Central Illinois. Restoration Ecol. 4: 181-191.
  • Anderson, R. C.; Kelley, T. M. 1995. Growth of garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) in native soils of different acidity. Trans. Illinois State Acad. Sci. 88: 91-96.
  • Appel, O. 1999. The so-called 'beak', a character in the systematics of Brassicaceae? Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 121: 85-98.
  • Appel, O. 1998. The status of Teesdaliopsis and Teesdalia (Brassicaceae). Novon 8: 218-219.
  • Bailey, C. D. et.al. 2006. Toward a global phylogeny of the Brassicaceae. Molecular Biology and Evolution 23: 2142-2160.
  • Baillargeon, G. 1986. A taxonomic revision of the genus Sinapis (Cruciferae: Brassiceae). Ph.D. Thesis Freie Universitat, Berlin, (In German)
  • Ball, P. W. 1961. The taxonomic status of Neslia paniculata (L.) Desv. And N. apiculata Fisch., Mey. & Ave-Lall. Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 64: 11-13.
  • Barbour, M. G. 1970. Germination and early growth of the strand plant Cakile maritima. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 97: 13-22.
  • Bartgis, R. L.; Hutton, E. E. 1988. Additions to the known flora of West Virginia. Castanea 53: 295-8.
  • Barto, E. K. et.al. 2010. How novel are the chemical waepons of garlic mustard in North American forest understories? Biological Invasions 12: 3465-3471.
  • Bartuskova, A.; Klimesova, J. 2010. Reiteration in the short lived root-sprouting herb Rorippa palustris: does the origin of buds matter? Botany 88: 630-638.
  • Bartuszevige, A. M. et.al. 2007. Effects of leaf litter on establishment, growth and survival of invasive plant seedlings in a deciduous forest. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 158: 472-477. (Alliaria petiolata & Lonicera maackii)
  • Baskin, C. C. 2004. Germination ecology of seeds of the annual weeds Capsella bursa-pastoris and Descurainia sophia originating from high northern latitudes. Weed Research 44: 60-68.
  • Baskin, C. C.; Baskin, J. M. 1995. Warm plus cold stratification requirement for dormancy break in seeds of the woodland herb Cardamine concatenata (Brassicaceae), and evolutionary implications. Canad. J. Bot. 73: 608-612.
  • Baskin, J. M.; Baskin, C. C. 1970. Germination eco-physiology of Draba verna. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 97: 209-216.
  • Baskin, J. M.; Baskin, C. C. 1992. Seed germination biology of the weedy biennial Alliaria petiolata. Natural Areas Journal 12: 191-197.
  • Baskin, J. M.; Baskin, C. C. 1989. Seasonal changes in the germination responses of buried sees of Barbarea vulgaris. Canad. J. Bot. 67: 2131-2134.
  • Baskin, J. M.; Baskin, C. C. 1986. Temperature requirements for after-ripening in seeds of nine winter annuals. Weed Research 26: 375-380.
  • Baskin, J. M.; Baskin, C. C. 1989. Role of temperature in regulating timing of germination in soil seed reserves of Thlaspi arvense L. Weed Research 29: 317-326.
  • Baskin, J. M.; Baskin, C. C. 1979. The ecological life cycle of Thlaspi perfoliatum and a comparison with published studies on Thlaspi arvense. Weed Research 19: 285-292.
  • Beaton, L. L.; Dudley, S. A. 2004. Tolerance to salinity and manganese in three common roadside species. Int. J. Plant Sci. 165: 37-51. (Asclepias syriacus, Dipsacus sylvestris, Hesperis matronalis)
  • Beilstein, M. A. et.al. 2008. Brassicaceae phylogeny inferred from phytochrome A and NDHF sequence data: tribes and trichomes revisited. Amer. J. Bot. 95: 1307-1327.
  • Beilstein, M. A.; Al-Shehbaz, I. A.; Kellogg, E. A. 2006. Brassicaceae phylogeny and trichome evolution. Amer. J. Bot. 93: 607-619.
  • Blake, S. F. 1918. Notes on the Calyton Herbarium. 8. Azalea lutea L. Rhodora 20: 21-8, 48-54, 65-73. (Other Families and Genera discussed)
  • Bleeker, W. et.al. 2002. Chloroplast DNA variation and biogeography in the genus Rorippa Scop. (Brassicaceae). Plant Biology 4: 104-111.
  • Bleeker, W. et.al. 1999. Evolution of hybrid taxa in Nasturtium R.BR. (Brassicaceae). Folia Geobotanica 34: 421-433.
  • Bloom, T. C. et.al. 2003. Physiological determinants of bolting/flowering in the facultative woodland biennial, Arabis laevigata var. laevigata (Brassicaceae). Castanea 68: 84-87.
  • Bloom, T. C. et.al. 2002. Ecological life history of the facultative woodland biennial Arabis laevigata variety laevigata (Brassicaceae): Reproductive phenology and fecundity. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 129: 29-38.
  • Bloom, T. C. et.al. 2002. Ecological life history of the facultative woodland biennial Arabis laevigata variety laevigata (Brassicaceae): Seed dispersal. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 129: 21-28.
  • Bloom, T. C.; Baskin, J. M.; Baskin, C. C. 2001. Ecological life history of the facultative woodland biennial Arabis laevigata variety laevigata (Brassicaceae): survivorship. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 128: 93-108.
  • Bloom, T. C.; Baskin, J. M.; Baskin, C. C. 2003. Ecological life history of the facultative woodland biennial Arabis laevigata variety laevigata (Brassicaceae): effects of leaf litter cover, herbivory, and substrate-type on bolting and fecundity. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 130: 16-22.
  • Blossey, B. et.al. 2001. Developing biological control of Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara and Grande (garlic mustard). Natural Areas Journal 21: 357-367.
  • Bossdorf, O. et.al. 2004. Palatability and tolerance to simulated herbivory in native and introduced populations of Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 91: 856-862.
  • Bosy, J.; Aarssen, L. W. 1995. The effect of seed orientation on germination in a uniform environment: Differential success without genetic or environmental variation. J. Ecol. 83: 769-773.
  • Bouwmeester, H. J. et.al. 1994. Effects of endogenous nitrate content of Sisymbrium officinale seeds on germination and dormancy. Acta Bot. Neerl. 43: 39-50.
  • Bouwmeester, H. J.; Karssen, C. M. 1993. Annual changes in dormancy and germination in seeds of Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. New Phyt. 124: 179-191.
  • Bowman, J. L. et.al. 1999. Evolutionary changes in floral structure within Lepidium L. (Brassicaceae). Int. J. Plant Sci. 160: 917-929.
  • Brandes, D. 1997. Population biology and ecology of Berteroa incana (L.) DC. Braunschweiger Naturkundliche Schriften 5: 441-465. (In German)
  • Brown, R. C.; Lemmon, B. E.; Nguyen, H. 2004. Comparative anatomy of the chalazal endosperm cyst in seeds of the Brassicaceae. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 144: 375-394.
  • Brown, W. T. et.al. 2001. Volunteer monitoring of nonindigenous invasive plant species in the Adirondack Park, New York, USA. Natural Areas Journal 21: 189-196.
  • Bruckner, C. 2000. Clarification of the carpel number in Papaverales, Capparales, and Berberidaceae. Bot. Rev. 66: 155-307.
  • Burke, D. J. 2008. Effects of Alliaria petiolata (Garlic Mustard; Brassicaceae) on mycorrhizal colonization and community structure in three herbaceous plants in a mixed deciduous forest. Amer. J. Bot. 95: 1416-1425.
  • Burls, K.; McClaugherty, C. 2008. Landscape position influences the distribution of garlic mustard, an invasive species. Northeastern Naturalist 15: 541-556.
  • Butters, F. K.; Abbe, E. C. 1940. The American varieties of Rorippa islandica. Rhodora 42: 25-32, pl. 588.
  • Byers, D. L.; Quinn, J. A. 1998. Demographic variation in Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae) in four contrasting habitats. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 125: 138-149.
  • Cafferty, S. 2002. Typification of Linnaean plant names in Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). Taxon 51: 529-537.
  • Callaway, R. M. et.al. 2008. Novel weapons: invasive plant supresses fungal mutalists in America but not in its native Europe. Ecology 89: 1043-1055.
  • Carlsen, T. et.al. 2009. Biogeography and phylogeny of Cardamine (Brassicaceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 96: 215-236.
  • Cavers, P. B. et.al. 1979. The biology of Canadian weeds. 35. Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara and Grande. Canad. J. Pl. Sci. 59: 217-229.
  • Chancellor, R. J. 1986. Decline of arable weed seeds during 20 Years in soil under grass and the periodicity of seedling emergence after cultivation.
  • Chauhan, B. S. et.al. 2006. Influence of environmental factors on seed germination and seedling emergence of Oriental mustard (Sisymbrium orientale). Weed Science 54: 1025-1031.
  • Cipollini, D. 2002. Variation in the expression of chemical defences in Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae) in the field and common garden. Amer. J. Bot. 89: 1422-1430.
  • Cipollini, D. et.al. 2008. Contrasting effects of allelochemicals from two invasive plants on the performance of a nonmycorrhizal plant. Int. J. Plant Sci. 169: 371-375. (Alliaria petiolata & Lonicera maackii)
  • Cipollini, K. A. 2008. Separating above- and belowground effects of Alliaria petiolata and Lonicera maackii on the performance of Impatiens capensis. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 160: 117-128.
  • Crone, E. E.; Taylor, D. R. 1996. Complex dynamics in experimental populations of an annual plant, Cardamine pensylvanica. Ecology 77: 289-299.
  • Cruden, R. W.; McClain, A. M.; Shrivastava, G. P. 1996. Pollination biology and breeding system of Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 123: 273-280.
  • Cusick, A. W. 1986. Distributional and taxanomic notes on the vascular flora of West Virginia. Castanea 51: 56-65.
  • Dailey, T. B.; Scott, P. E. 2006. Spring nectar sources for solitary bees and flies in a landscape of deciduous forest and agricultural fields: production, variability, and consumption. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 133: 535-547.
  • Demars, B. G. 1996. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal status of spring ephemerals in two Ohio forests. Ohio J. Science 96: 97-99.
  • Deng, Y. et.al. 1997. Developmental and anatomic studies on the floral nectaries in Cardaria draba. Acta Bot. Yunnanica 19: 275-279. (In Chinese)
  • Derkx, M. P. M. et.al. 1993. Changes in dormancy of Sisymbrium officinale seeds do not depend on changes in respiratory activity. Physiol. Pl. 89: 707-718.
  • Derkx, M. P. M.; Karssen, C. M. 1993. Changing sensitivity to light and nitrate but not to gibberellins regulates seasonal dormancy patterns in Sisymbrium officinale seeds. Plant Cell and Environment 16: 469-479.
  • Detling, L. E. 1939. A revision of the North American species of Descurainia. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 22: 481-520.
  • Dhillion, S. S.; Anderson, R. C. 1999. Growth and photosynthetic response of first-year garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) to varied irradiance. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 126: 9-14.
  • Dietz, H. et.al. 1999. Establishment of the invasive perennial herb Bunias orientalis L.: An experimental approach. Acta Oecol. 20: 621-632.
  • Dietz, H. et.al. 1996. Role of allelopathy as a possible factor associated with the rising dominance of Bunias orientalis L. (Brassicaceae) in some native plant assemblages. J. Chem. Ecol. 22: 1797-1811.
  • Dietz, H.; Ullmann, I. 1997. Phenological shifts of the alien colonizer Bunias orientalis: Image-based analysis of temporal niche separation. J. Veg. Sci. 8: 839-846.
  • Donohue, K. 1999. Seed dispersal as a maternally influenced character: Mechanistic basis of maternal effects and selection on maternal characters in an annual plant. Amer. Naturalist 154: 674-689.
  • Dudley, T. R. 1966. Ornamental madworts (Alyssum) and the correct name of the goldentuft alyssum. Arnoldia (Jamaica Plain) 26: 33-48.
  • Dvorak, F. 1989. Chromosome counts and chromosome morphology of some selected species. Scripta Facultatis Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Purkynianae Brunensis 19: 301-322.
  • Eames, A. J.; Wilson, C. L. 1928. Carpel morphology in the Cruciferae. Amer. J. Bot. 15: 251-270. (also Fumariaceae)
  • Easterly, N. W. 1965. An illustrated guide to the Cruciferae of Ohio. Castanea 30: 177-91.
  • Easterly, N. W. 1967. Fruit silhouettes of Ohio Cruciferae. Castanea 32: 101-5.
  • El-Naggar, S. M. 2001. Implications of seed proteins in Brassicaceae systematics. Biologia Plantarum 44: 547-553.
  • Eschmann, G. G. et.al. 2004. Extent and structure of genetic variation in two colonising Diplotaxis species (Brassicaceae) with contrasting breeding systems. Pl. Syst. Evol. 244: 31-43.
  • Eschmann, G. G. et.al. 2003. Species relationships within Diplotaxis (Brassicaceae) and the phylogenetic origin of D. muralis. Pl. Syst. Evol. 243: 13-29.
  • Farah, K. O. et.al. 1988. Autoecology and population biology of dyers woad Isatis tinctoria. Weed Science 36: 186-193.
  • Fernald, M. L. 1908. Notes on some plants of northeastern America. Rhodora 10: 84-95.
  • Fernald, M. L. 1920. Some variations of Cardamine pratensis in America. Rhodora 22: 11-15.
  • Fernald, M. L. 1940. The eastern American varieties of Rorippa islandica. Rhodora 42: 267-274.
  • Fernald, M. L. 1909. The North American species of Barbarea. Rhodora 11: 134-141.
  • Fiebig, A. et.al. 2004. Comparisons of pollen coat genes across Brassicaceae species reveal rapid evolution by repeat expansion and diversification. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101: 3286-3291.
  • Flora of North America Editorial Committee. 2010. Flora of North America. Volume 7. Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae. Oxford Univ. Press, New York. , 797 pages. (ISBN 9780195318227)
  • Fosberg, F. R. 1965. Nomenclature of the horeseradish (Cruciferae). Baileya 13: 1-4.
  • Fox, J. L. 2003. The life history of Draba verna. Agroborealis 35: 16.
  • Francis, A.; Warwick, S. I. 2003. The biology of Canadian weeds. 120. Neslia paniculata (L.) Desv. Canad. J. Pl. Sci. 83: 441-451.
  • Francis, A.; Warwick, S. I. 2007. The biology of invasive alien plants in Canada. 8. Lepidium latifolium L. Canad. J. Pl. Sci. 87: 639-658.
  • Franzek, A. et.al. 1998. Molecular systematics of Cardamine and allied genera (Brassicaceae): ITS and non-coding chloroplast DNA. Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 33: 225-240.
  • Franzek, A.; Hurka, H. 2000. Molecular systematics and biogeography of the Cardamine pratensis complex (Brassicaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 224: 213-234.
  • Ginsberg, H. S. 1983. Foraging ecology of bees in an old field. Ecology 64: 165-175.
  • Glenn, Steven D.; Barringer, Kerry 2004. Cardamine impatiens L. (Brassicaceae) in New Jersey. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 131: 257-260.
  • Goffman, F. D. et.al. 1999. Chemotaxonomic value of tocopherols in Brassicaceae. Phytochemistry 50: 793-798.
  • Gohil, R. N.; Raina, R. 1987. Polyploidy accompianied by structural alterations in the evolution of Hesperis matronalis L. Cytologia 52: 223-228.
  • Gomez, J. M. 2000. Phenotypic selection and response to selection in Lobularia maritima: Importance of direct and correlational components of natural selection. J. Evol. Biol. 13: 689-699.
  • Gomez, J. M. 2000. Effectiveness of ants as pollinators of Lobularia maritima: Effects on main sequential fitness components of the host plant. Oecologia 122: 90-97.
  • Goodson, B. E. 2007. Molecular systematics and biogeography of Descurainia Webb & Berthel. (Brassicaceae). Ph.D. Dissertation Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX,
  • Goodson, B. E. et.al. 2011. Molecular systematics and biogeogaphy of Descurainia (Brassicaceae) based on nuclear ITS and non-coding chloroplast DNA. Syst. Bot. 36: 957-980.
  • Gormally, C. L. et.al. 2011. Genetic structure of a widely dispersed beach annual, Cakile edentula (Brassicaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 98: 1657-1662.
  • Green, P. S. 1962. Watercress in the New World. Rhodora 64: 32-43.
  • Greilhuber, J.; Obermayer, R. 1999. Cryptopolyploidy in Bunias (Brassicaceae) revisited - A flow-cytometric and densitometric study. Pl. Syst. Evol. 218: 1-4.
  • Griffith, C.; Kim, E.; Donohue, K. 2004. Life-history variation and adaptations in the historically mobile plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae) in North America. Amer. J. Bot. 91: 837-849.
  • Hall, J. C.; Sytsma, K. J.; Iltis, H. H. 2002. Phylogeny of Capparaceae and Brassicaceae based on chloroplast sequence data. Amer. J. Bot. 89: 1826-1842.
  • Hang, J. 1996. Seed mass effects across environments in an annual dune plant. Ann. Bot. (London) 77: 555-563.
  • Hansen, A. A. 1922. Austrian field cress: a new weed in the United States. Torreya 22: 73-77.
  • Hart, T. W.; Eshbaugh, W. H. 1976. The biosystematics of Cardamine bulbosa (Muhl.) B.S.P. and C. douglasii Britt. Rhodora 78: 329-419.
  • Hayashi, M. et.al. 2010. The seed dispersal catapult of Cardamine parviflora (Brassicaceae) is efficient but unreliable. Amer. J. Bot. 97: 1595-1601.
  • Hazebroek, J. P.; Metzger, J. D. 1990. Seasonal pattern of seedling emergence, survival, and reproductive behavior in Thlaspi arvense Cruciferae. Amer. J. Bot. 77: 954-962.
  • Hazebroek, J. P.; Metzger, J. D. 1990. Environmental control of seed germination in Thlaspi arvense Cruciferae. Amer. J. Bot. 77: 945-953.
  • Hewins, D. B.; Hyatt, L. A. 2010. Flexible N uptake and assimilation mechanisms may assist biological invasion by Alliaria petiolata. Biological Invasions 12: 2639-2647.
  • Hintz, M. et.al. 2006. Catching a 'hopeful monster': shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) as a model system to study the evolution of flower development. J. Exp. Bot. 57: 3531-3542.
  • Hitchcock, C. L. 1936. The genus Lepidium in the United States. Madrono 3: 265-300.
  • Hoffmann, M. H. 2000. Biogeography and climatic differentiation of two annual species of Teesdalia R. Br. (Brassicaceae). J. Biogeogr. 27: 989-999.
  • Holmgren, N. H. 2004. Lectotypifications and new combinations in North American Brassicaceae. Brittonia 56: 245-248.
  • Holubowicz, R. et.al. 1992. Internal seed structure of selected vegetable species. Acta Botanica Hungarica 37: 267-277.
  • Hondelmann, W. 1986. On the evaluation of hare's mustard Conringia orientalis. Angew. Bot. 60: 71-80. (In German)
  • Huebner, C. D. 2003. Vulnerability of oak-dominated forests in West Virginia to invasive exotic plants: temporal and spatial patterns of nine exotic species using herbarium records and land classification data. Castanea 68: 1-14.
  • Hume, L. 1994. Maternal environment effects on plant growth and germination of two strains of Thlaspi arvense L. Int. J. Plant Sci. 155: 180-186.
  • Hume, L. et.al. 1995. The influence of temperature upon physiological processes in early-flowering and late-flowering strains of Thlaspi arvense L. Int. J. Plant Sci. 156: 445-449.
  • Hurka, H. et.al. 2003. Evolutionary processes associated with biological invasions in the Brassicaceae. Biological Invasions 5: 281-292.
  • Hurka, H.; Neuffer, B. 1997. Evolutionary processes in the genus Capsella (Brassicaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 206: 295-316.
  • Hussey, J. S. 1974. Some useful plants of early New England. Econ. Bot. 28(3): 311-37.
  • Ignaciuk, R.; Lee, J. A. 1980. The germination of four annual strand-line species. New Phyt. 84: 581-591.
  • Iltis, H. H. et.al. 2011. Studies in the Cleomaceae I. On the separate recognition of Capparaceae, Cleomaceae, and Brassicaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 98: 28-36.
  • Inaba, R.; Nishio, T. 2002. Phylogenetic analysis of Brassiceae based on the nucleotide sequences of the S-locus related gene, SLR1. Theor. Appl. Genet. 105: 1159-1165.
  • Inamdar, J. A.; Rao, N. V. 1983. Light microscopic and scanning electron microscopis studies on trichomes of some Brassicaceae. Feddes Repert. 94: 183-190.
  • Johnston, J. S. et.al. 2005. Evolution of genome size in Brassicaceae. Ann. Bot. (London) 95: 229-235.
  • Kamel, E. A. et.al. 2004. Molecular characterization of some taxa of the genus Raphanus L. (Cruciferae = Brassicaceae). Cytologia 69: 249-260.
  • Karlsson, L. M.; Milberg, P. 2002. Stratification responses in the late-germinating summer annual weed Erysimum cheiranthoides. J. Applied Ecol. 76: 172-175.
  • Keddy, P. A. 1980. Population ecology in an environmental mosaic: Cakile edentula on a gravel bar. Canad. J. Bot. 58: 1095-1100.
  • Kercher, S.; Conner, J. K. 1996. Patterns of genetic variability within and among populations of wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum (Brassicaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 83: 1416-1421.
  • Klemow, K. M.; Raynal, D. J. 1983. Population biology of an annual plant in a temporally variable habitat. J. Ecol. 71: 691-704.
  • Kobayashi, K. et.al. 2006. Inter-accession variation in floral morphology in radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Euphytica 152: 87-97.
  • Koch, M. A. et.al. 2005. Evolution of the trnF(GAA) gene in Arabidopsis relatives and the Brassicaceae family: Monophyletic origin and subsequent diversification of a plastidic pseudogene. Molecular Biology and Evolution 22: 1032-1043.
  • Koch, M. A. et.al. 2010. Colonizing the American continent: systematics of the genus Arabis in North America (Brassicaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 97: 1040-1057.
  • Koch, M. et.al. 1999. Molecular systematics and evolution of Arabidopsis and Arabis. Plant Biology 1: 529-537. (Also Capsella)
  • Koch, M.; Al-Shehbaz, I. A. 2002. Molecular data indicate complex intra- and intercontinental differentiation of America Draba (Brassicaceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 89: 88-109.
  • Koch, M.; Al-Shehbaz, I. A.; Mummenhoff, K 2003. Molecular systematics, evolution, and population biology in the mustard family (Brassicaceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 90: 151-171.
  • Koch, M.; Haubold, B.; Mitchell-Olds, T. 2001. Molecular systematics of the Brassicaceae: evidence from coding plastidic MATK and nuclear CHS sequences. Amer. J. Bot. 88: 534-544.
  • Koch, M.; Mummenhoff, K 2001. Thlaspi s.str. (Brassicaceae) versus Thlaspi s.l.: Morphological and anatomical characters in the light of ITS nrDNA sequence data. Pl. Syst. Evol. 227: 209-225.
  • Koelling, V. A.; Karoly, K. 2007. Self-pollen interference is absent in wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum, Brassicaceae), a species with sporophytic self-incompatibility. Amer. J. Bot. 94: 896-900.
  • Koul, K. K. et.al. 2000. Seed coat microsculpturing in Brassica and allied genera (subtribes Brassicinae, Raphaninae, Moricandiinae). Ann. Bot. (London) 86: 385-397.
  • Kucera, J. et.al. 2006. Taxonomy and phylogeography of Cardamine impatiens and C. pectinata (Brassicaceae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 152: 169-195.
  • Kucera, J. et.al. 2005. On-line database of the chromosome numbers of the genus Cardamine (Brassicaceae). Biologia 60: 473-476.
  • Kudoh, H. et.al. 1996. Phenotypic plasticity in age and size at maturity and its effects on the integrated phenotypic expressions of life history traits of Cardamine flexuosa (Cruciferae). J. Evol. Biol. 9: 541-570.
  • Kudoh, H. et.al. 1995. Phenotypic plasticity in Cardamine flexuosa: Variation among populations in plastic response to chilling treatments and photoperiods. Oecologia 103: 148-156.
  • La Rue, C.D. 1943. Regeneration in Radicula aquatica. Michigan Academician 28: 51-61.
  • Lankau, R. 2010. Soil microbial communities alter allelopathic competition between Alliaria petiolata and a native species. Biological Invasions 12: 2059-2068.
  • Leadlay, E. A.; Heywood, V. H. 1990. The biology and systematics of the genus Coincya Porta & Rigo ex Rouy (Crucuferae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 102: 313-398.
  • Lee, J. Y. et.al. 2002. Allopolyploidization and evolution of species with reduced floral structures in Lepidium L. (Brassicaceae). Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99: 16835-16840.
  • Lee, T. N.; Snow, A. A. 1998. Pollinator preferences and the persistence of crop genes in wild radish populations (Raphanus raphanistrum, Brassicaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 85: 333-339.
  • Lefol, E. et.al. 1997. Sexual hybridisation in crosses of cultivated Brassica species with the crucifers Erucastrum gallicum and Raphanus raphanistrum: Potential for gene introgression. Euphytica 95: 127-139.
  • Lehr, J. H. 1962. Arabis lyrata forma parvisilqua M. Hopkins. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 89: 118.
  • Les, D. H. 1994. Molecular systematics and taxonomy of lake cress (Neobeckia aquatica; Brassicaceae), an imperiled aquatic mustard. Aquatic Botany 49: 149-165.
  • Li, W. et.al. 2005. Hormonal and environmental regulation of seed germination in flixweed (Descurainia sophia). Plant Growth Regulation 45: 199-207. (Also Arabidopsis)
  • Lihova, J. et.al. 2006. Worldwide phylogeny and biogeography of Cardamine flexuosa (Brassicaceae) and its relatives. Amer. J. Bot. 93: 1206-1221.
  • Lloyd, M. W. et.al. 2011. Genetic variation and population structure of Arabidopsis lyrata ssp. lyrata (Brassicaceae) along the eastern seaboard of North America. Castanea 76: 28-42.
  • Lopez, G. 1999. On the basionym and type of the name Erucastrum (Cruciferae). Taxon 48: 67-68.
  • Luken, J. O. et.al. 1993. Erucastrum gallicum (Brassicaceae): Invasion and spread in North America. Sida 15: 569-582.
  • Luken, J. O.; Shea, M. 2000. Repeated prescribed burning at Dinsmore Woods State Nature Preserve (Kentucky, USA): Responses of the understory community. Natural Areas Journal 20: 150-158.
  • MacDonald, M. A.; Cavers, P. B. 1991. The biology of Canadian weeds 97. Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. Canad. J. Pl. Sci. 71: 149-166.
  • Magnarelli, L. A. 1983. Nectar sugars and caloric reserves in natural populuations of Aedes canadensis and Aedes stimulans Diptera Culicidae. Environmental Entomology 12: 1482-1486.
  • Marhold, K.; Lihova, J. 2006. Polyploidy, hybridization and reticulate evolution: lessons from the Brassicaceae. Pl. Syst. Evol. 259: 143-174.
  • Marhold, K.; Martonfi, P. 2001. Typification of two Linnaean species names of the genus Thlaspi (Brassicaceae). Novon 11: 189-192.
  • Martin, J. P.; Sanchez-Yelamo, M. D. 2000. Genetic relationships among species of the genus Diplotaxis (Brassicaceae) using inter-simple sequence repeat markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 101: 1234-1241.
  • Martinkova, J. et.al. 2004. Resprouting after disturbance in the short-lived herb Rorippa palustris (Brassicaceae): an experiment with juveniles. Acta Oecol. 25: 143-150.
  • Matthies, D. 1990. Plasticity of reproductive components at different stages of development in the annual plant Thlaspi arvense L. Oecologia 83: 105-116.
  • Maun, M. A. et.al. 1990. The biological floral of coastal dunes and wetlands 1. Cakile edentula (Bigel.) Hook. J. Coastal Res. 6: 137-156.
  • Maun, M. A.; Lapierre, J. 1986. Effects of burial by sand on seed germination and seedling emergence of four dune species. Amer. J. Bot. 73: 450-455. (3)
  • Maun, M. A.; Payne, A. M. 1989. Fruit and seed polymorphism and its relation to seedling growth in genus Cakile. Canad. J. Bot. 67: 2743-2750.
  • McCarthy, B. C.; Hanson, S. L. 1998. An assessment of the allelopathic potential of the invasive weed Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae). Castanea 63: 68-73.
  • Meekins, J. F. 2001. Effect of environmental variation on the invasive success of a nonindigenous forest herb. Ecol. Applic. 11: 1336-1348.
  • Meekins, J. F.; Ballard, H. E.; McCarthy, B. C. 2001. Genetic variation and molecular biogegraphy of a North American invasive plant species (Alliaria petiolata, Brassicaceae). Int. J. Plant Sci. 162: 161-169.
  • Meekins, J. F.; McCarthy, B. C. 1999. Competitive ability of Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard, Brassicaceae), an invasive, nonindigenous forest herb. Int. J. Plant Sci. 160: 743-752.
  • Meekins, J. F.; McCarthy, B. C. 2002. Effect of population density on the demography of an invasive plant ({Alliaria petiolata, Brassicaceae) population in a southeastern Ohio forest. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 147: 256-278.
  • Meekins, J. F.; McCarthy, B. C. 2000. Responses of the biennial forest herb Alliaria petiolata to variation in population density, nutrient addition and light availability. J. Ecol. 88: 447-463.
  • Mennan, H. et.al. 2006. Seasonal cycles in germination and seedling emergence of summer and winter populations of catchweed bedstraw (Galium aparine) and wild mustard (Brassica kaber). Weed Science 54: 114-120.
  • Meyerowitz, E. M.; Somerville, C. R. (eds.) (1994): 1994. Arabidopsis. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY. , 1300 pages.
  • Milberg, P.; Andersson, L. 1994. Effect of emergence date on seed production and seed germinability in Thlaspi arvense. Swedish J. Agric. Res. 24: 143-146.
  • Milberg, P.; Andersson, L. 1997. Seasonal variation in dormancy and light sensitivity in buried seeds of eight annual weed species. Canad. J. Bot. 75: 1998-2004.
  • Miller, G. K. et.al. 1986. Germination of seeds of perennial pepperweed Lepidium latifolium. Weed Science 34: 252-255.
  • Miller, R. J. et.al. 2009. Spatiotemporal analysis of three common wetland invasive plant species using herbarium specimens and geographic information systems. Castanea 74: 133-145.
  • Mitchell, R. J.; Ankeny, D. P. 2001. Effects of local conspecific density on reproductive success in Penstemon digitalis and Hesperis matronalis. Ohio J. Science 101: 22-27.
  • Mitich, L. W. 1996. Field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.): The stinkweed. Weed Technol. 10: 675-678.
  • Molofsky, J. 1999. The effect of nutrients and spacing on neighbor relations in Cardamine pensylvanica. Oikos 84: 506-514.
  • Molofsky, J. et.al. 2000. Plant litter feedback and population dynamics in an annual plant, Cardamine pensylvanica. Oecologia 124: 522-528.
  • Molofsky, J.; Ferdy, J. B. 2005. Extinction dynamics in experimental metapopulations. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102: 3726-3731.
  • Monaco, T. A. et.al. 2005. Morphological and physiological responses of the invasive weed Isatis tinctoria to contrasting light, soil-nitrogen and water. Weed Research 45: 460-466.
  • Montgomery, F. H. 1955. Preliminary studies in the genus Dentaria in eastern North America. Rhodora 57: 161-173.
  • Morrison, J. A. et.al. 2007. Ecological comparison of two co-invasive species in eastern deciduous forests: Alliaria petiolata and Microstegium vimineum. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 134: 1-17.
  • Morrison, J. A.; Brown, L. 2004. Effect of herbivore exclosure caging on the invasive plant Alliaria petiolata in three southeastern New York forests. Bartonia 62: 25-43.
  • Mulligan, G. A.; Frankton, C. 1962. Taxonomy of the genus Cardaria with particular reference to the species introduced into North America. Canad. J. Bot. 40: 1411-1425.
  • Mummenhoff, K 1995. Should Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. be classified within the genus Lepidium L. (Brassicaceae)? Evidence from subunit polypeptide composition of RUBISCO. Feddes Repert. 106: 25-28.
  • Mummenhoff, K et.al. 1997. Molecular data reveal convergence in fruit characters used in the classification of Thlaspi s.l. (Brassicaceae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 125: 183-199.
  • Mummenhoff, K et.al. 1997. Molecular phylogenetics of Thlaspi s.l. (Brassicaceae) based on chloroplast DNA restriction site variation and sequences of the internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Canad. J. Bot. 75: 469-482.
  • Mummenhoff, K; Bruggemann, H.; Bowman, J. L. 2001. Chloroplast DNA phylogeny and biogeography of Lepidium (Brassicaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 88: 2051-2063.
  • Mummenhoff, K; Zunk, K 1991. Should Thlaspi Brassicaceae be split? Preliminary evidence from isoelectric focusing analysis of Rubisco. Taxon 40: 427-434.
  • Murley, M. R. 1951. Seeds of the Cruciferae of Northeastern North America. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 46: 1-81.
  • Murren, C.J. et.al. 2002. Evolution of phenotypic integration in Brassica (Brassicaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 89: 655-663.
  • Muschler, R. 1908. The genus Coronopus (L.) Gaertn. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 41: 111-147. (In German)
  • Myers, C. V.; Anderson, R. C. 2003. Seasonal variation on photosynthetic rates influences success of an invasive plant, garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata). Amer. Midl. Naturalist 150: 231-245.
  • Myers, C. V.; Anderson, R. C.; Byers, D. L. 2005. Influence of shading on the growth and leaf photosynthesis of the invasive non-indigenous plant garlic mustard [Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb) Cavara and Grande] grown under simulated late-winter to mid-spring conditions. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 132: 1-10.
  • Myers, J. A. et.al. 2004. Seed dispersal by white-tailed deer: implications for long-distance dispersal, invasion, and migration of plants in eastern North America. Oecologia 139: 35-44.
  • Neuffer, B.; Hurka, H. 1999. Colonization history and introduction dynamics of Capsella bursa-pastoris (Brassicaceae) in North America: Isozymes and quantitative traits. Molec. Ecol. 8: 1667-1681.
  • Nieto-Feliner, G. 1991. Breeding systems and related flora traits in several Erysimum Cruciferae. Canad. J. Bot. 69: 2515-2521.
  • Nilsen, E. T. et.al. 1999. Inhibition of seedling survival under Rhododendron maximum (Ericaceae): could allelopathy be a cause? Amer. J. Bot. 86: 1597-1605.
  • Norsworthy, J. K. 2003. Allelopathic potential of wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum). Weed Technol. 17: 307-313.
  • Nuzzo, V. A. 1994. Response of garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara and Grande) to summer herbicide treatment. Natural Areas Journal 14: 309-310.
  • Nuzzo, V. A. 1991. Experimental control of garlic mustard Alliaria petiolata in northern Illinois USA using fire, herbicide and cutting. Natural Areas Journal 11: 158-167.
  • Nuzzo, V. A. et.al. 2009. Earthworm invasion as the driving force behind plant invasion and community change in northeastern North American forests. Conserv. Biol. 23: 966-974.
  • Nuzzo, V. A.; McClain, W.; Strole, T. 1996. Fire impact on groundlayer flora in a sand forest. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 136: 207-21.
  • O' Kane, S. L.; Al-Shehbaz, I. A. 2003. Phylogenetic position and generic limits of Arabidopsis (Brassicaceae) based on sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 90: 603-612.
  • O' Kane, S. L.; Al-Shehbaz, I. A. 1997. A synopsis of Arabidopsis (Brassicaceae). Novon 7: 323-327.
  • Orth, J. F. et.al. 2006. Natural history, distribution, and management of Lepidium latifolium (Brassicaceae) in New England. Rhodora 108: 103-118.
  • Padgett, D. E. et.al. 2004. Seed production and germination in long's bittercress (Cardamine longii) of Massachusetts. Northeastern Naturalist 11: 49-56.
  • Padgett, D. J. et.al. 2004. Seed production and germination in Long's bittercress (Cardamine longii) of Massachusetts. Northeastern Naturalist 11: 49-56.
  • Pakeman, R. J.; Lee, J. A. 1991. The ecology of the strandline annuals Cakile maritima and Salsola kali I. Environmental factors affecting plant perfromance. J. Ecol. 79: 143-154.
  • Pardini, E. A. et.al. 2008. Consequences of density dependence for management of a stage-structured invasive plant (Alliaria petiolata). Amer. Midl. Naturalist 160: 310-322.
  • Pavlovic, N. B. et.al. 2009. Effect of removal of Hesperis matronalis (Dame's Rocket) on species cover of forest understory vegetation in NW Indiana. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 161: 165-176.
  • Perez-Garcia, F. et.al. 1995. Germination behaviour in seeds of Diplotaxis erucoides and D. virgata. Weed Research 35: 495-502.
  • Pisula, N. L.; Meiners, S. J. 2010. Relative allelopathic potential of invasive plant species in a young disturbed woodland. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 137: 81-87.
  • Pita-Villamil, J. M. et.al. 2002. Time of seed collection and germination in rocket, Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. (Brassicaceae). Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 49: 47-51.
  • Porterfield, D. M. et.al. 1999. Oxygen-depleted zones inside reproductive structures of Brassicaceae: implications for oxygen control of seed development. Canad. J. Bot. 77: 1439-1446.
  • Post, A. R. et.al. 2009. Lectotypification of Cardamine flexuosa (Brassicaceae). J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 3: 227-230.
  • Post, A. R. et.al. 2011. On the identity of the weedy bittercresses (Cardamine: Brassicaceae) in United States nurseries: evidence from molecules and morphology. Weed Science 59: 123-135.
  • Pradhan, A. K. et.al. 1992. Phylogeny of Brassica and allied genera based on variation in chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA patterns: Molecular and taxonomic classifications are incongruous. Theor. Appl. Genet. 85: 331-340.
  • Prati, D.; Bossdorf, O. 2004. Allelopathic inhibition of germination by Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 91: 285-288.
  • Ray, J. et.al. 2005. Moisture and temperature requirements for London rocket (Sisymbrium irio) emergence. Weed Science 53: 187-192.
  • Reifner, R. E.; Hill, S. R. 1983. Notes on infrequent and threatened plants of Maryland including new state records. Castanea 48: 117-37.
  • Rejmankova, E. 1992. Ecology of creeping macrophytes with special reference to Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) Raven. Aquatic Botany 43: 283-299.
  • Roberts, H. A.; Boddrell, J. E. 1983. Seed survival and periodicity of seedling emergence in 8 species of Cruciferae. Ann. Appl. Biol. 103: 301-312.
  • Roberts, K. J.; Anderson, R. C. 2001. Effect of garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata (Beib.) Cavara & Grande) extracts on plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 146: 146-152.
  • Robinson, B. L. 1908. Notes on the vascular plants of the northeastern United States. Rhodora 10: 29-35.
  • Rodgers, V. L. et.al. 2008. Ready or not, garlic mustard is moving in: Alliaria petiolata as a member of eastern North American forests. Bioscience 58: 426-436.
  • Rodman, J. E. 1974. Systematics and evolution of the genus Cakile (Cruciferae). Contr. Gray Herb. 205: 3-146.
  • Rodman, J. et.al. 1993. Nucleotide sequences of the rbcL gene indicate monophyly of mustard oil plants. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 686-699.
  • Rollins, R. C. 1993. The Cruciferae of continental North America. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. , 976 pages. (For review see Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 121(4):384. 1994.)
  • Rothfels, C. J.; Beaton, L. L.; Dudley, S. A. 2002. The effects of salt, manganese, and density on life history traits in Hesperis matronalis L. from oldfield and roadside populations. Canad. J. Bot. 80: 131-139.
  • Sahli, H. F.; Conner, J. K. 2007. Visitation, effectiveness, and efficiency of 15 genera of visitors to wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum (Brassicaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 94: 203-209.
  • Sampliner, D.; Miller, A. 2009. Ethnobotany of horesradish (Armoracia rusticana, Brassicaceae) and its wild relatives (Armoracia spp.): reproductive biology and local uses in their native ranges. Econ. Bot. 63: 303-313.
  • Sanchez-Yelamo, M. D. 1994. A chemosystematic survey of flavonoids in the Brassicinae: Diplotaxis. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 115: 9-18.
  • Sanchez-Yelamo, M. D. et.al. 1992. Comparative electrophoretic studies of seed proteins in some species of the genera Diplotaxis, Erucastrum, and Brassica Cruciferae Brassicaceae. Taxon 41: 477-483.
  • Sans, F. X.; Bonet, A. 1993. Fruits and seeds production in Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC. under different pollination treatment. Collectanea Botanica 22: 49-54. (In Spanish)
  • Sans, F. X.; Masalles, R. M. 1994. Life-history variation in the annual arable weed Diplotaxis erucoides (Cruciferae). Canad. J. Bot. 72: 10-19.
  • Schulz, O. E. 1903. Monograph of the genus Cardamine. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 32: 280-623.
  • Schwartz, M. W.; Heim, J. R. 1996. Effects of a prescribed fire on degraded forest vegetation. Natural Areas Journal 16: 184-191.
  • Shamrov, I. I. 2002. Ovule and seed study in Capsella bursa-pastoris (Brassicaceae) with a peculiar endothelium formation pattern. Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica 44: 79-90.
  • Slaughter, B. S. et.al. 2007. Response of Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) to five years of fall herbicide application in a southern Ohio deciduous forest. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 134: 18-26.
  • Slotte, T. et.al. 2006. Intrageneric phylogeny of Capsella (Brassicaceae) and the origin of the tetraploid C. bursa-pastoris based on chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences. Amer. J. Bot. 93: 1714-1724.
  • Smith, B. B.; Gilbert, S. L. 1989. Early ovule development, megasporogenesis, and megagametogenesis in Draba verna L. Cruciferae. J. Pennsylvania Acad. Sci. 63: 88-92.
  • Smith, G. R.; Dingfelder, H. A.; Vaala, D. A. 2003. Effect of plant size and density on garlic mustard reproduction. Northeastern Naturalist 10: 269-276.
  • Sprague, T. A. 1928. The correct spelling of certain generic names. III. Kew Bull. 1928: 337-79.
  • Steinlein, T. et.al. 1996. Growth patterns of the alien perennial Bunias orientalis L. (Brassicaceae) underlying its rising dominance in some native plant assemblages. Vegetatio 125: 73-82.
  • Stift, M. et.al. 2006. Development of highly conserved primers for 12 new polymorphic microsatellite loci for the genus Rorippa Scop. (Brassicaceae), yellow-cress. Molecular Ecology Notes 6: 1129-1131.
  • Stuckey, R. L. 1962. Characteristics and distribution of the Spring Cresses, Cardamine bulbosa and C. douglasii, in Michigan. Michigan Bot. 1: 27-34.
  • Stuckey, R. L. 1966. Differences in habitats and associates of varieties of Rorippa islandica in the Douglas lake region of Michigan. Michigan Bot. 5: 99-108.
  • Stuckey, R. L. 1966. The distribution fo Rorippa sylvestris (Crusiferae) in North America. Sida 2: 361-376.
  • Stuckey, R. L. 1972. Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Rorippa (Cruciferae) in North America. Sida 4: 279-430.
  • Stuckey, R. L. 1967. Thlaspi tuberosum Nutt., a taxonomic synonym of Cardamine douglassii Britt. (Cruciferae). Rhodora 69: 460-465.
  • Susko, D. J.; Cavers, P. B. 2008. Seed size effects and competetive ability in Thlaspi arvense L. (Brassicaceae). Botany 86: 259-267.
  • Susko, D. J.; Lovett Doust, J. 2000. Plant-size and fruit-position effects on reproductive allocation in Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae). Canad. J. Bot. 78: 1398-1407.
  • Susko, D. J.; Lovett Doust, J. 1999. Effects of resource availability, and fruit and ovule position on components of fecundity in Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae). New Phyt. 144: 295-306.
  • Susko, D. J.; Lovett Doust, J. 1998. Variable patterns of seed maturation and abortion in Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae). Canad. J. Bot. 76: 1677-1686.
  • Susko, D. J.; Lovett Doust, L. 2000. Patterns of seed mass variation and their effects on seedling traits in Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 87: 56-66.
  • Sweeney, P. W.; Price, R. A. 2000. Polyphyly of the genus Dentaria (Brassicaceae): evidence from trnL intron and ndhF sequence data. Syst. Bot. 25: 468-478.
  • Sweeney, P. W.; Price, R. A. 2001. A multivariate morphological analysis of the Cardamine concatenata alliance (Brassicaceae). Brittonia 53: 82-95.
  • Takahata, Y.; Hinata, K. 1986. A consideration of the species relationships in subtribe Brassicinae Cruciferae in view of cluster analysis of morphological characters. Plant Species Biol. 1: 78-88.
  • Teppner, H. 2003. The heterodiaspory of Capsella bursa-pastoris (Brassicaceae). Phyton 43: 381-391.
  • Theide, D. A.; Augspurger, C. K. 1996. Intraspecific variation in seed dispersion of Lepidium campestre (Brassicaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 83: 856-866.
  • Ueno, O. et.al. 2006. Evidence from photosynthetic characteristics for the hybrid origin of Diplotaxis muralis from a C-3-C-4 intermediate and a C-3 species. Plant Biology 8: 253-259.
  • Vander Zwan, C. et.al. 2000. The intraspecific phylogenetics of Arabidopsis thaliana in worldwide populations. Syst. Bot. 25: 47-59.
  • Vaughn, K. C. et.al. 2011. The mechanism for explosive seed dispersal in Cardamine hirsuta (Brassicaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 98: 1276-1285.
  • Vaughn, S. F.; Berhow, M. A. 1999. Allelochemicals isolated from tissues of the invasive weed garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata). J. Chem. Ecol. 25: 2495-2504.
  • Veatch-Blohm, M. E.; Koutavas, E. 2011. The effect of stratification and after-ripening time on seed germination of three populations of Arabidopsis lyrata ssp. lyrata (Brassicaceae). Castanea 76: 199-209.
  • Vollmann, J. et.al. 2005. Genetic diversity in Camelina germplasm as revealed by seed quality characteristics and RAPD polymorphism. Plant Breeding 124: 446-453.
  • Wall, D. A. 1995. Comparative analysis of three cruciferous weeds: Growth, development, and competitiveness. Weed Science 43: 75-80.
  • Warwick, S. I. et.al. 2004. Phylogeny of Smelowskia and related genera (Brassicaceae) based on nuclear its DNA and chloroplast trnL intron DNA sequences. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 91: 99-123. (Also Descurainia)
  • Warwick, S. I. et.al. 2002. Phylogeny of Sisymbrium (Brassicaceae) based on ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Canad. J. Bot. 80: 1002-1017.
  • Warwick, S. I. et.al. 2002. The biology of Canadian weeds. 9. Thlaspi arvense L. (updated). Canad. J. Pl. Sci. 82: 803-823.
  • Warwick, S. I. et.al. 2007. Phylogentic relationships in the tribes Anchonieae, Chorisporeae, Euclidieae, and Hesperideae (Brassicaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal ITS DNA sequences. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 94: 56-78.
  • Warwick, S. I. et.al. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships in the Alysseae (Brassicaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal ITS DNA sequences. Botany 86: 315-336.
  • Warwick, S. I. et.al. 2010. Closing the gaps: phylogenetic relationships in the Brassicaceae based on DNA sequence data of nuclear ribosomal ITS region. Pl. Syst. Evol. 285: 209-232.
  • Warwick, S. I.; Black, L. D. 1993. Molecular relationships in subtribe Brassicinae (Cruciferae, tribe Brassiceae). Canad. J. Bot. 71: 906-918.
  • Warwick, S. I.; Black, L. D. 1997. Phylogenetic implications of chloroplast DNA restriction site variation in subtribes Raphaninae and Cakilinae (Brassicaceae, tribe Brassiceae). Canad. J. Bot. 75: 960-973.
  • Warwick, S. I.; Francis, A. 2005. The biology of Canadian weeds. 132. Raphanus raphanistrum L. Canad. J. Pl. Sci. 85: 709-733.
  • Warwick, S. I.; Sauder, C. A. 2005. Phylogeny of tribe Brassiceae (Brassicaceae) based on chloroplast restriction site polymorphisms and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer and chloroplast trnL intron sequences. Canad. J. Bot. 83: 467-483.
  • Warwick, S. I.; Wall, D. A. 1998. The biology of Canadian weeds. 108. Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O.E. Schulz. Canad. J. Pl. Sci. 78: 155-165.
  • Webb, S. L.; Pendergast, T. H.; Dwyer, M. E. 2001. Response of native and exotic maple seedling banks to removal of the exotic, invasive Norway maple (Acer platanoides). J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 128: 141-149.
  • Weeks, E. L.; Frey, F. M. 2007. Seed production and insect visitation rates in Hesperis matronalis are not affected by floral symmetry. Int. J. Plant Sci. 168: 611-617.
  • Welk, E.; Schubert, K.; Hoffmann, M. H. 2002. Present and potential distribution of invasive garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) in North America. Diversity and Distributions 8: 219-233.
  • Williams, J. L.; Conner, J. K. 2001. Sources of phenotypic variation in floral traits in wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum (Brassicaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 88: 1577-1581.
  • Yang, Y. W. et.al. 1999. Molecular phylogenetic studies of Brassica, Rorippa, Arabidopsis and allied genera based on the internal transcribed spacer region of 18S-25S rDNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 13: 455-462.
  • Zhang, J. 1996. Interactive effects of soil nutrients, moisture and sand burial on the development, physiology, biomass and fitness of Cakile edentula. Ann. Bot. (London) 78: 591-598.
  • Zunk, K et.al. 1996. Phylogenetic relationships of Thlaspi s.l. (subtribe Thlaspidinae, Lepidieae) and allied genera based on chloroplast DNA restriction-site variation. Theor. Appl. Genet. 92: 375-381.
  • Zunk, K; Mummenhoff, K; Hurka, H. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships in tribe Lepidieae (Brassicaceae) based on chloroplast DNA restriction site variation. Canad. J. Bot. 77: 1504-1512.