New York Metropolitan Flora

Nomenclature

Amygdalus L., Sp. Pl. 472. 1753. Gen. Pl., ed. 5, 212. 1754. LECTOTYPE: Amygdalus communis L. (=Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb), designated by Hitchcock & Green (1929).

Cerasus Mill., Gard. Dict. abr. ed. 4. 1754. TYPE: Not designated.

Persica Mill., Gard. Dict. abr. ed. 4. 1754. TYPE: Not designated.

Padus Mill., Gard. Dict. abr. ed. 4. 1754. LECTOTYPE: Padus avium Mill. (=Prunus padus L.), designated byBritton & Brown (1913).

Laurocerasus Tourn. ex Duhamel, Traite Arbr. Arbust. 1: 345, t. 133. 1755.

Druparia Clairv., Man. Herbor. Suisse, 158, 159. 1811, nom. illeg. (Art 52.1). TYPE: Not designated.

Key to the species of Prunus

2. Flowers 1-1.5 cm across; fruit less than 8 mm in diam...Prunus padus
2. Flowers 0.8-1 cm across; fruit more than 8 mm in diam...3

3. Leaves with blades ovate or elliptic to lanceolate, mostly broadest at or below the middle, somewhat glossy above, the teeth somewhat incurved, giving the margin a crenulate aspect; calyx lobes entire or nearly so (at most 5 glandular teeth), persistent, with the floral tube beneath the maturing fruit...Prunus serotina
3. Leaves with blades elliptic to obovate, mostly broadest at or above the middle, dull above, the teeth narrowly acuminate and ascending to spreading, giving the margin a sharply and finely serrate aspect; calyx lobes with numerous irregular gland-tipped teeth, deciduous with the floral tube, leaving only a smooth disk beneath the maturing fruit...Prunus virginiana

4. Flowers and fruit sessile or nearly so, mostly solitary (or 2); ovaries and fruit densely pubescent; flowers pink or white...Prunus persica
4. Flowers and fruit on distinct slender pedicels, often not solitary; ovaries and fruit glabrous; flowers in most species white...5

5. Calyx lobes glabrous throughout (at most, glandular-margined); fruit (cherry) somewhat globose, not grooved, not glaucous, the pit rounded rather than 2-edged...6
5. Calyx lobes pubescent, at least sparsely at the base above; fruit (plum) with a longitudinal shallow furrow or groove, usually glaucous, the pit 2-edged, often somewhat flattened...10

6. Plant a low spreading shrub (native), with mostly decumbent or ascending elongate branches; leaf blades oblanceolate (to obovate-elliptic), the teeth obscure or absent on lower third or half; calyx lobes with irregularly glandular-toothed margins; petals less than 7.5 (9) mm long...Prunus pumila
6. Plant an erect small or large tree or tall bushy shrub; leaf blades ovate to obovate, regularly toothed to the base; calyx lobes without glands (or a few glandular teeth in the large-flowered P. cerasus); petals various...7

7. Petals 4-7.5 mm long; fruit less than 1 cm in diam...8
7. Petals ca. 9-15 mm long; fruit ca. 1.5-2.5 cm in diam...9

8. Inflorescences few-flowered corymbose racemes; petals glabrous; leaf blades round-ovate, less than 1.5 times as long as wide; fruit nearly black...Prunus mahaleb
8. Inflorescences usually umbellate (occasionally somewhat corymbose); petals hairy on the outside at the base; leaf blades usually at least twice as long as wide; fruit bright red...Prunus pensylvanica

9. Calyces with entire lobes, constricted below them; bud scales at base umbel not leaflike, the inner ones divergent or reflexed; leaves retaining some pubescence, especially along the midrib, beneath, the blades ca. 7-15 cm long at maturity and the petioles with conspicuous glands near the summit; fruit sweet...Prunus avium
9. Calyces with glandular-toothed lobes, not constricted below them; bud scales often with leaflike tips, the inner ones erect; leaves becoming glabrous beneath, the blades mostly 4-8 cm long at maturity with glands toward the base (rather than on the petiole); fruit sour...Prunus cerasus

10. Teeth of leaf sharp (almost bristle-tipped), glandless; calyx lobes without marginal glands (rarely a few teeth at end in P. americana)...11
10. Teeth of leaf gland-tipped (evident in young leaves unfolding as the flowers open), the rounded tip with a callous scar if gland is shed; calyx lobes with glandular margins (except in P. cerasifera)...13

11. Leaves ovate, oval, obovate, or rounded, long-acuminate, sharply serrate; petals 10-15 mm long; fruit red, purple, or yellow...Prunus americana
11. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, elliptic, or ovate-oblong, merely acute or acutish to obtuse or truncate, crenate or dentate, the teeth sharp-pointed; petals 4-8 mm long; fruit blue or dark purple (sometimes purple or yellow)...12

12. Pedicels and lower surface of leaf pubescent...Prunus maritima
12. Pedicels and lower leaf surface glabrous or nearly so...Prunus allegheniensis

13. Margins of calyx lobes pubescent but not glandular; petals ca. 5-7 mm long; young twigs shiny reddish-brown; leaves small, the blades mostly less than 5 cm long...Prunus cerasifera
13. Margins of calyx lobes glandular; petals 5-12 mm long; twigs and leaves various...14

14. Twigs not spiny, often glabrous; petals ca. 8-12 mm long; fruit over 2.5 cm diam., pendent at maturity...Prunus domestica
14. Twigs spiny, the young ones finely pubescent; petals 5-8 mm long; fruit usually less than 1 (1.5) cm diam., erect at maturity...Prunus spinosa

List of Prunus Species

References to Prunus

• Abrams, M. D.; Kloeppel, B. D.; Kubiske, M. E. 1992. Ecophysiological and morphological responses to shade and drought in two contrasting genotypes of Prunus serotina. Tree Physiology 10: 343-55.
• Allard, H. A. 1944. Second year sprouts of black cherry, Prunus serotina, fruiting. Castanea 9(5-6): 117.
• Amthor, J. S.; Gill, D. S.; Bormann, F. H. 1990. Autumnal laef conductance and apparent photosythesis by saplings and sprouts in a recently disturbed northern hardwood forest. Oecologia 84: 93-8.
• Anderson, E.; Ames, O. 1932. Botanizing from an airplane. Bull. Popular Inform. Arnold Arbor. 6: 37-44. (Distribution of P. maritima along New England coast)
• Anderson, G. J. 1980. New England note: change in status for Prunus gravesii. Rhodora 82(830): 375-6.
• Anonymous 1901. Field days of the Torrey Botanical Club. Torreya 1: 132.
• Anonymous 1975. Wild plum, Prunus americana, family Rosaceae. Morton Arbor. Quart. 11(3): 42-3.
• Anstey, J. H. 1966. Prediction of full bloom date for apple, pear, cherry, peach and apricot from air temperature data. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 88: 57-66.
• Auclair, A. N. 1975. Sprouting response in Prunus serotina Erhr.: multivariate analysis of site, forest structure and growth rate relationships. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 94: 72-87.
• Auclair, A. N.; Cottam, G. 1971. Dynamics of black cherry (Prunus serotina Erhr.) in southern Wisconsin oak forests. Ecol. Monogr. 41: 153-77.
• Auclair, A. N.; Cottam, G. 1973. Multivariate analysis of radial growth of black cherry (Prunus serotina Erhr.) in southern Wisconsin oak forests. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 89: 408-25.
• Baiashvili, E. I. 1984. Towards a philo-genetic study of the genus Prunus Mill. Soobc. Akad. Nauk Gruzinsk. SSR 116(1): 137-9. (In German; English & Russian summaries)
• Bakker, J. 1963. The historical development of Prunus serotina Ehrh. in the Netherlands. Ned. Boschbouw-Tijdschr. 35: 201-6.
• Ballard, J. K.; Proebsting, E. L.; Tukey, R. B. 1971. Cherries: critical temperatures for blossom buds.
• Baltzer, J. L.; Thomas, S. C. 2005. Leaf optical responses to light and soil nutrient availability in temperate deciduous trees. Amer. J. Bot. 92: 214-223.
• Barbe, D. et.al. 1995. Allometry in the histogenesis of Prunus fruits (Rosaceae). Canad. J. Bot. 73(2): 299-306.
• Bate-Smith, E. C. 1961. Chromatography and taxonomy in the Rosaceae, with special reference to Potentilla and Prunus. J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 58: 39-54.
• Bean, W. J. 1913. Prunus pennsylvanica. Bot. Mag. 139: pl. 8486.
• Blake, M. A. 1911. Factors which influence the blooming and ripening period of peaches. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 8: 95-101.
• Bortiri, E. et.al. 2001. Phylogeny and systematics of Prunus (Rosaceae) as determined by sequence analysis of ITS and the chloroplast TRNL-TRNF spacer DNA. Syst. Bot. 26: 797-807.
• Bortiri, E. et.al. 2002. The phylogenetic utility of nucleotide sequences of sorbitol 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Prunus (Rosaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 89: 1697-1708.
• Boutineau, E. 1883. De la fleur des Rosacees. Contribution a l'etude des ovaires inferes. Paris. , 44 pages.
• Bowersox, T. W.; Ward, W. W. 1977. Seasonal variation in foliar nutrient concentrations of black cherry. Forest Sci. 23: 429-36.
• Bradbury, D. 1929. A comparative study of the developing and aborting fruits of Prunus cerasus. Amer. J. Bot. 16: 525-41.
• Brown, R. T. 1967. Influence of naturally occurring compounds on germination and growth of jack pine. Ecology 48: 542-6. (Also discussions on Cornus, Gaultheria, & Prunus)
• Buchanan, R. E. 1904. A contribution to our knowledge of Prunus americana. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 11: 77-93.
• Bush, A. 1971. Utilization of the culinary and therapeutic properties of the peach. Econ. Bot. 25(1): 12-21.
• Buton, P. J.; Bazzaz, F. A. 1995. Ecophysiological responses of tree seedlings invading different patches of old-field vegetation. J. Ecol. 83: 99-112.
• Canham, C. D.; McAninch, J. B.; Wood, D. M. 1994. Effects of the frequency, timing, and intensity of simulated browsing on growth and mortality of tree seedlings. Canad. J. Forest Res. 24: 817-25.
• Carter, K. K. 1996. Provenance tests as indicators of growth response to climate change in 10 north temperate tree species. Canad. J. Forest Res. 26: 1089-95. (French summary)
• Carter, K. K. 1980. Geographic variation in black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.). Ph.D. Dissertation West Virginia Univ., Morgantown, WV,
• Carter, K. K.; Cech, F. C.; DeHayes, D. H. 1983. Geographical variation in Prunus serotina. Canad. J. Forest Res. 13: 1025-1029.
• Chaney, W. R.; Kozlowski, T. T. 1969. Seasonal and diurnal expansion and contraction of fruits of forest trees. Canad. J. Bot. 47: 1033-8.
• Chaney, W. R.; Kozlowski, T. T. 1969. Seasonal and diurnal changes in water balance of fruits, cones, and leaves of forest trees. Canad. J. Bot. 47: 1407-17.
• Collins, S. L. 1990. Habitat relationships and survivorship of tree seedlings in hemlock-hardwood forest. Canad. J. Bot. 68: 790-7. (French summary)
• Cook, D. B.; Hamilton, W. J. 1944. The ecological relationships of red fox food in eastern New York. Ecology 25(1): 91-104.
• Crawford, E. R.; Young, D. R. 1998. Comparison of gaps and intact shrub thickets on an Atlantic coast barrier island. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 140: 68-77.
• Crocker, W.; Barton, L. V. 1931. After-ripening, germination, and storage of certain rosaceous seeds. Contr. Boyce Thompson Inst. Pl. Res. 3: 385-404.
• Cypher, B. L.; Cypher, E. A. 1999. Germination rates of tree seeds ingested by coyotes and raccoons. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 142: 71-76.
• Darlington, C. D. 1928. Studies in Prunus, I and II. J. Genet. 19: 213-56.
• Davis, D. D.; Umbach, D. M.; Coppolino, J. B. 1981. Susceptibility of tree and shrub species and response of black cherry foliage to ozone. Pl. Dis. Reporter 65: 904-7.
• Davis, S. G. 1942. Composition and utilization of the beach plum. Fruit Products J. 21: 361-364.
• Davison, S. E. 1981. Tree seedling survivorship at Hutcheson Memorial Forest New Jersey. William L. Hutcheson Memorial For. Bull. 6: 4-7.
• Defler, S. E. 1937. Black cherry; characteristics, germination, growth and yield. M.S. Thesis New York State Coll. Forestry, Syracuse, NY129 p.
• Delucia, E. H.; Sipe, T. W.; Herrick, J.; Maherali, H. 1998. Sapling biomass allocation and growth in the understory of a deciduous hardwood forest. Amer. J. Bot. 85: 955-963.
• Dibello, F. J.; Arthur, S. M.; Krohn, W. B. 1990. Food habits of sympatric coyotes, red foxes, and bobcats in Maine. Canad. Field-Naturalist 104: 403-8.
• Dorsey, M. J.; Weiss, F. 1920. Petiolar glands in the plum. Bot. Gaz. 69: 391-406.
• Downey, S. L.; Iezzoni, A. F. 2000. Polymorphic DNA markers in black cherry (Prunus serotina) are identified using sequences from sweet cherry, peach, and sour cherry. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 125: 76-80.
• Downs, A. A. 1952. Preliminary recommendations for the management of black cherry on the northern Allegheny Plateau. J. Forest. 51: 184-8.
• Drew, A. P. 1988. Interference of black cherry by ground flora of the Allegheny uplands. Canad. J. Forest Res. 18(5): 652-7.
• Eaton, G. W. 1959. Twin ovules in Prunus avium L. Canad. J. Bot. 37: 1203-5.
• Eaton, G. W. 1959. A study of the megagametophyte in Prunus avium and its relation to fruit setting. Canad. J. Pl. Sci. 39
• Evans, R. C.; Dickinson, T. A. 1999. Floral ontogeny and morphology in subfamily Amygdaloideae T. & G. (Rosaceae). Int. J. Plant Sci. 160: 955-979.
• Farmer, R. E.; Barnett, P. E. 1972. Altitudinal variation in seed characteristics of black cherry in the southern Appalachians. Forest Sci. 18(2): 169-75.
• Faust, M; Suranyi, D 1999. Origin and dissemination of plums. Horticultural Reviews 23: 179-231.
• Fernald, M. L. 1916. Prunus virginiana the correct name of the choke cherry. Rhodora 18(210): 140-1.
• Fernald, M. L. 1923. The identities of the sand cherries of eastern America. Rhodora 25(293): 69-74.
• Fireman, M.; Hayward, H. E. 1952. Effect of night temperature on growth of the fruit of the sour cherry. Bot. Gaz. 114(1): 155-65.
• Fox, W. S.; Soper, J. H. 1953. The distribution of some trees and shrubs of the Carolinian Zone of southern Ontario. II. Trans. Roy. Canad. Inst. 30: 3-32.
• Free, J. B. 1970. Insect pollination of crops. Academic Press, New York. , 544 pages.
• Gandhi, K. N. et.al. 2009. (1886-1887) Proposals to conserve the names Prunus serotina and P. virginiana (Rosaceae) with conserved types. Taxon 58: 312-314.
• Gannavarapu, M 1998. Microsatellite markers in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch]: abundance and utility. M.S. Thesis Clemson Univ., Clemson, S.C.,
• George, M. F.; Hong, S. G.; Burke, M. J. 1977. Cold hardiness and deep supercooling of hardwoods: its occurrence in provenance collections of red oak, yellow birch, black walnut, and black cherry. Ecology 58: 674-80.
• Good, N. F.; Good, R. E. 1972. Population dynamics of tree seedlings and saplings in a mature eastern hardwood forest. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 99: 172-8.
• Gottschalk, K. W. 1985. Effects of shading on growth and development of northern red oak, black oak, black cherry, and red maple seedlings. I. Height, diameter, and root/shoot ratio. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Central Hardwoods Conference. Society of American Foresters, Urbana, IL. , 189-95 pages.
• Gottschalk, K. W. 1994. Shade, leaf growth and crown development of Quercus rubra, Quercus velutina, Prunus serotina, and Acer rubrum seedlings. Tree Physiology 14: 735-749.
• Groh, H.; Senn, H. A. 1940. Prunus in eastern Canada. Canad. J. Res., Sect. C, Bot. Sci. 18: 318-46.
• Guinier, E. 1902. Le cerisier de Virginie (Prunus virginiana L., Cerasus virginiana DC.) et le cerisier tardif (Prunus serotina Ehrh., Cerasus serotina DC.). Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 20-3. (In French)
• Guitian, J. 1993. Why Prunus mahaleb (Rosaceae) produces more flowers than fruits. Amer. J. Bot. 80(11): 1305-9.
• Guitian, J. 1994. Selective fruit abortion in Prunus mahaleb (Rosaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 81(12): 1555-8.
• Guitian, J.; Guitian, P.; Sanchez, J. M. 1993. Reproductive biology of two Prunus species (Rosaceae) in the northwest Iberian Peninsula. Pl. Syst. Evol. 185: 153-65. (P. mahaleb)
• Hall, I. V.; Gourley, C. O.; Wood, G. W. 1981. Biology of Prunus pensylvanica L.f. Proc. Nova Scotia Inst. Sci. 31(2): 101-8.
• Hargrave, P. D. 1937. Seed germination of the saskatoon and pinchberry. Sci. Agr. Ottawa 17: 736-9.
• Harper, R. M. 1916. An overlooked environmental factor for species of Prunus. Rhodora 18(213): 201-3.
• Harrington, R. A.; Brown, B. J.; Reich, P. B. 1989. Ecophysiology of exotic and native shrubs in southern Wisconsin I. Oecologia 80: 356-367.
• Harrington, R. A.; Brown, B. J.; Reich, P. B. 1989. Ecophysiology of exotic and native shrubs in southern Wisconsin II. Oecologia 80: 368-373.
• Hedhly, A. et.al. 2004. Effect of temperature on pollen tube kinetics and dynamics in sweet cherry, Prunus avium (Rosaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 91: 558-564.
• Hedrick, U. P. 1911. The plums of New York.
• Hedrick, U. P. 1915. The cherries of New York. Rep. New York Agric. Exp. Sta. 22 (for 1914), II.. , 371 pages.
• Heit, C. E. 1937. Treatment of black cherry seed to secure first year germination.
• Heit, C. E. 1938. Additional data on black cherry germination.
• Herrera, C. M.; Jordano, P. 1981. Prunus mahaleb and birds: the high-efficiency seed dispersal system of a temperate fruiting tree. Ecol. Monogr. 51: 203-18.
• Herrero, M.; Arbeloa, A. 1989. Influence of the pistil on pollen tube kinetics in peach (Prunus persica). Amer. J. Bot. 76(10): 1441-7.
• Hildebrand, E.; Skelly, J. M.; Fredericksen, T. S. 1996. Foliar response of ozone-sensitve hardwood tree species from 1991 to 1993 in the Shenandoah National Park, Virginia. Canad. J. Forest Res. 26: 658-69. (French summary)
• Hilton, R. J.; Jaswal, A. S.; Teskey, B. J. E.; Barabas, B. 1965. Rest period studies on seeds on Amelanchier, Prunus and Sorbus. Canad. J. Pl. Sci. 45: 79-85.
• Hockman, J. G.; Chapman, J. A. 1983. Comparative feeding habits of red foxes and gray foxes in Maryland. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 110: 276-285.
• Hooper, J.; Bullington, R. A. 1972. Invasion of woody plants in abandoned soil bank area of Pine Rock Preserve in Ogle County. Trans. Illinois State Acad. Sci. 65: 58-67.
• Horsley, S. B. 1977. Allelopathic inhibition of black cherry by fern, grass, goldenrod, and aster. Canad. J. Forest Res. 7: 205-16.
• Horsley, S. B. 1977. Allelopathic inhibition of black cherry. II. Inhibition by woodland grass, ferns, and club moss. Canad. J. Forest Res. 7: 515-9.
• Horsley, S. B. 1993. Mechanisms of interference between hay-scented fern and black cherry. Canad. J. Forest Res. 23: 2059-69.
• Hough, A. F. 1959. Zoning for the management of black cherry on the Allegheny Plateau. J. Forest. 57: 353-7.
• Hough, A. F. 1953. Preliminary recommendations for the management of black cherry on the northern Allegheny Plateau. J. Forest. 51: 184-8.
• Hough, A. F.; Forbes, R. D. 1943. The ecology and silvics of forests in the high plateaus of Pennsylvania. Ecol. Monogr. 13: 299-320.
• Hough, A. G. 1960. Silvical characteristics of black cherry.
• Hoyt, S. F. 1957. Ecology of the pileated woodpecker. Ecology 38: 246-56.
• Hrynkiewicz-Sudnik, J. 1972. Cerasus avium (L.) Moench. Its geographical distribution, geological characteristics and studies on variability. Prace Bot. Univ. Wroclawsk. 13: 1-172. (In Polish; English summary, 115-123)
• Hunter, J. C.; Mattice, J. A. 2002. The spread of woody exotics into the forests of a northeastern landscape, 1938-1999. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 129: 220-227.
• Husch, B. 1954. The regeneration of Prunus serotina in northwestern Pennsylvania following cutting. Ecology 35: 11-7.
• Jedlicka, J.; Vandermeer, J. 2004. Gypsy moth defoliation of oak trees and a positive response of red maple and black cherry: an example of indirect interaction. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 152: 231-236.
• Jordano, P. 1993. Pollination biology of Prunus mahaleb L.: deferred consequences of gender variation for fecundity and seed size. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 50: 65-84.
• Jordano, P. 1995. Frugivore-mediated selection on fruit and seed size: birds ans St. Lucie's cherry, Prunus mahaleb. Ecology 76(8): 2627-39.
• Joy, D. A.; Young, D. R. 1996. Juniperus virginiana as a possible nurse plant for woody seedlings on a Virginia barrier island. ()
• King, J. L. 1994. Persistence of black cherry, white ash, and tulip poplar in an old-growth beech-maple forest. , Thesis Univ. Illinois, Chicago,
• Knapp, A. K.; Carter, G. A. 1998. Variability in leaf optical properties among 26 species from a broad range of habitats. Amer. J. Bot. 85: 940-946.
• Koehne, E. 1911. Die Gliederung von Prunus subg. Padus. Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 52: 101-8.
• Koehne, E. 1915. Zur Kenntnis von Prunus grex Calycopadus und grex Gymnopadus sect. Laurocerasus. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52: 279-333. (In German)
• Krefting, L. W.; Roe, E. I. 1949. The role of some birds and mammals in seed germination. Ecol. Monogr. 19: 269-286.
• Kßrpßti, Z. E. 1967. Taxonomische Betrachtungen am genus Prunus. Feddes Repert. 75: 47-53.
• Labrecque, M.; Barabe, D.; Vieth, J. 1985. Development of the fruit of Prunus virginiana (Rosaceae). Canad. J. Bot. 63: 242-51. (In French; English summary)
• Labrecque, M.; Barabe, D.; Vieth, J. 1985. Development of the fruit of Prunus pensylvanica L. f. (Rosaceae). Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. Biol. VÚg. 7: 39-53. (In French; English summary)
• Langord, L. R. 1935. Seasonal influences upon the effect of shading in regard to setting of sour cherry fruits. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 33: 234-6.
• Lauri, P. E. 1992. Donnees sur le contexte vegetatif lie à la floraison chez le cerisier (Prunus avium). Canad. J. Bot. 70: 1848-59. (In French; English summary)
• Lawrey, J. D. 1977. Trace metal accumulation by plant species from a coal strip-mining area in Ohio. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 104: 368-375.
• Ledbetter, M. C. 1960. Anatomical and morphological comparisons of normal and physiologically dwarfed seedlings of Rhodotypos tetrapetala and Prunus persica. Contr. Boyce Thompson Inst. Pl. Res. 20: 437-58.
• Lee, S.; Wen, J. 2001. A phylogentic analysis of Prunus and tha Amygdaloidaea (Rosaceae) using ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Amer. J. Bot. 88: 150-160.
• Lei, T. T. et.al. 2002. Effects of Rhododendron maximum thickets on tree seed dispersal, seedling morphology, and survivorship. Int. J. Plant Sci. 163: 991-1000.
• Lersten, N. R.; Horner, H. T. 2000. Calcium oxalate crystal types and trends in their distribution patterns in leaves of Prunus (Rosaceae: Prunoideae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 224: 83-96.
• Lersten, N. R.; Horner, H. T. 2004. Calium oxalate crystal macropattern development during Prunus virginiana (Rosaceae) leaf growth. Canad. J. Bot. 82: 1800-1808.
• Lindenhofer, A; Weber, A 1999. The spiraeoid androecium of Pyroideae and Amygdaloideae (Rosaceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 121: 583-605.
• Lindsey, A. A. 1963. Accuracy of duration temperature summing and its use for Prunus serrulata. Ecology 44: 149-51.
• Little, E. L. 1953. Five varietal transfers of United States trees. Phytologia 4: 305-10.
• Loats, K. V.; Rebbeck, J. 1999. Interactive effects of ozone and elevated carbon dioxide on the growth and physiology of black cherry, green ash, and yellow poplar seedlings. Environmental Pollution 106: 237-248.
• Lousley, J. E. 1963. Prunus serotina. Bot. Soc. Brit. Isles Proc. 5: 122-3.
• Luneva, N. N. 1994. The petal size as an additional morphological character in the taxonomy of Prunus (Rosaceae). Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Lenengrad) 79(6): 88-94. (In Russian)
• Luneva, N. N. 1995. Variations of petal morphological characters and diversity of forms in the genus Prunus (Rosaceae). Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Lenengrad) 80: 79-84. (In Russian; English summary)
• Marks, P. L. 1974. The role of pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica) in the maintenance of stability in northern hardwood ecosystems. Ecol. Monogr. 44: 73-88.
• Marks, P. L. 1971. The role of Prunus pensylvanica L. in the rapid revegetation of disturbed sites. Ph.D. Dissertation Yale Univ., New Haven, CT119 p.
• Marks, P. L. 1975. On the relation between extension growth and successional status of deciduous trees of the northeastern United States. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 102: 172-7.
• Maynard, C. C. et.al. 1991. Black cherry (iP. serotina Ehrh.). Biotech. Agric. Forest. 16: 3-22.
• McMurray, N. 1987. Prunus americana. ()
• McMurray, N. 1987. Prunus virginiana. ()
• McMurray, N. E. 1987. Prunus pensylvanica. ()
• McVaugh, R. 1951. A revision of the North American black cherries (Prunus serotina Ehrh. and relatives). Brittonia 7: 279-315.
• McVaugh, R. 1952. Suggested phylogeny of Prunus serotina and other wide ranging phylads in North America. Brittonia 7: 317-346. (And other genera)
• Mellichamp, T. L.; Matthews, J. F.; Smithka, P. J. 1987. New state and regional records of vascular plants in the Carolinas. Castanea 52: 95-111.
• Meyer, G. A.; Witmer, M. C. 1998. Influence of seed processing by frugivorous birds on germination success of three North American shrubs. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 140: 129-139.
• Miller, E. S. 1872. Suffolk county plants. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 3: 56.
• Morber, B. E.; Miyanishi, K. 1995. Post-fire regeneration of black cherry and chokecherry in a southern Ontario oak savanna. (USDA Forest Serice Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-320)
• Morden-Moore, A. L.; Willson, M. F. 1982. On the ecological significance of fruit color in Prunus serotina and Rubus occidentalis: field experiments. Canad. J. Bot. 60: 1554-60.
• Nebel, B. R. 1939. Longevity of pollen in apple, pear, plum, peach, apricot, and sour cherry. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 37: 130-1.
• Nelson, N. D. 1978. Xylem ethylene, phenol-oxidizing enzymes, and nitrogen and heartwood formation in walnut and cherry. Canad. J. Bot. 56(6): 626-34.
• Nelson, N. D. 1976. Gross influences on heartwood formation in black walnut and black cherry trees.
• Nilsen, E. T. et.al. 1999. Inhibition of seedling survival under Rhododendron maximum (Ericaceae): could allelopathy be a cause? Amer. J. Bot. 86: 1597-1605.
• Nizhnikov, V. S. 1977. On the taxonomy of Cerasus pumila (L.) Michx. and C. besseyi (Bailey) Lunell (Rosaceae). Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Lenengrad) 62(4): 533-6. (In Russian)
• Nybom, H.; Rogstad, S. H.; Schaal, B. A. 1990. Genetic variation detected by use of the M13 "DNA fingerprint" probe in Malus, Prunus, and Rubus (Rosaceae). Theor. Appl. Genet. 79: 153-6.
• Oldén, E. J.; Nybom, N. 1968. On the origin of Prunus cerasus L. Hereditas 59: 327-45.
• Pennypacker, J. Y. 1919. Observations on the beach plum, a study in plant variation. Contr. Bot. Lab. Morris Abor. Univ. Pennsylvania 4: 231-69.
• Pennypacker, J. Y. 1915. Observations on the beach plum: a study in plant variation. Ph.D. Dissertation Univ. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,
• Potter, D. et.al. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships in Rosaceae inferred from chloroplast matK and trnL-trnF nucleotide sequence data. Pl. Syst. Evol. 231: 77-89.
• Quamme, H. A.; Layne, R. E. C.; Ronald, W. G. 1982. Relationship of supercooling to cold hardiness and the northern distribution of several cultivated and native Prunus species and hybrids. Canad. J. Pl. Sci. 62: 137-48.
• Quimby, D. C. 1951. The life history and ecology of the jumping mouse Zapus hudsonius. Ecol. Monogr. 21: 61-95.
• Rebbeck, J. 1996. Chronic ozone effects on three northeastern hardwood species: growth and biomss. Canad. J. Forest Res. 26: 1788-98. (French summary)
• Reich, P. B.; Abrams, M. D.; et al. et.al. 1990. Fire affects ecophysiology and community dynamics of central Wisconsin oak forest regeneration. Ecology 71: 2179-90.
• Ristau, T. E.; Horsley, S. B. 1999. Pin cherry effects on Allegheny hardwood stand development. Canad. J. Forest Res. 29: 73-84.
• Robertson, C. 1894. Flowers and insects: Rosaceae and Compositae. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. 6: 435-80.
• Rohrer, J. R. et.al. 2004. Microsatellite analysis of relationships among North american plums (Prunus sect. Prunocerasus, Rosaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 244: 69-75.
• Rohrer, J. R. et.al. 2008. Phylogenetic analysis of North American plums (Prunus sect. Prunocerasus: Rosaceae) based on nuclear LEAFY and S6PDH sequences. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 2: 401-414.
• Rooney, T. P.; Dress, W. J. 1997. Patterns of plant diversity in overbrowsed primary and mature secondary hemlock-northern hardwood forest stands. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 124: 43-51.
• Rudnicky, J. L.; McDonnell, M. J. 1989. Forty-eight years of canopy change in a hardwood-hemlock forest in New York City. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 116: 52-64.
• Ruehle, K. 1924. Beitrõge zur Kenntnis der Gattung Prunus. Bot. Arch. 8: 224-49.
• Scott, T. G. 1955. Dietary patterns of red and gray foxes. Ecology 36: 366-7.
• Seymour, F. C. 1973. The range of Prunus americana in New England. Phytologia 23(3): 97-9.
• Shabel, A. B.; Peart, D. R. 1994. Effects of competition, herbivory and substrate disturbance on growth and size structure in pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica L.) seedlings. Oecologia 98: 150-8.
• Shaw, J.; Small, R. L. 2004. Addressing the "hardest puzzle in American pomology:"phylogeny of Prunus sect. Prunocerasus (Rosaceae) based on seven noncoding chloroplast DNA regions. Amer. J. Bot. 91: 985-996.
• Shaw, J.; Small, R. L. 2005. Chloroplast DNA phylogeny and phylogeography of the North American plums (Prunus subgenus Prunus section Prunocerasus, Rosaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 92: 2011-2030.
• Sherburne, J. A. 1972. Effects of seasonal changes in the abundance and chemistry of the fleshy fruits of northeastern woody shrubs on patterns of exploitation by frugivorous birds. Ph.D. Dissertation Cornell University, Ithaca, NY157 p.
• Shinners, L. H. et.al. 1956. Prunus americana var. lantana, a synonym of P. nigra. Rhodora 58: 330-331.
• Shoemaker, J. S. 1928. Cherry pollination studies.
• Simini, M.; Skelly, J. M.; Davis, D. D.; Savage, J. E. 1992. Sensitivity of four hardwood species to ambient ozone in north central Pennsylvania. Canad. J. Forest Res. 22: 1789-99.
• Slade, B. 1957. Leaf development in relation to veination as shown in Cercis siliquastrum L., Prunus serrulata Lindl. and Acer platanus. New Phyt. 56: 281-300.
• Smith, A. J. 1975. Invasion and ecesis of bird-disseminated woody plants in a temperate forest sere. Ecology 56(1): 19-34.
• Smith, L. L.; Vankat, J. L. 1991. Communities and tree seedling distribution in Quercus rubra and Prunus serotina dominated forests in southwestern Pennsylvania. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 126: 294-307.
• Sokolova, E. A. 1989. Importance of characters of anatomical petiole structure for the systematics of the genera Cerasus Mill. and Padus Mill. (Rosaceae). Sborn. Nauch. Tr. Prikl. Bot. Genet. Selek. 124: 109-12. (In Russian; English summary)
• Sterling, C. 1964. Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Rosaceae I. Prunoideae: Prunus. Amer. J. Bot. 51: 36-44.
• Sterling, C. 1953. Developmental anatomy of the fruit of Prunus domestica. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 80: 457-477. (Other genera also)
• Traux, B.; Gagnon, D.; Lambert, F.; Chevrier, N. 1994. Nitrate assimilation of raspberry and pin cherry in a recent clearcut. Canad. J. Bot. 72(9): 1343-8.
• Tufts, W. P.; Philip, G. L. 1925. Pollination of the sweet cherry.
• Tukey, H. B. 1922. A case of pistillody and staminoidy in the plum. Torreya 22: 28-9.
• Tukey, H. B. 1934. Growth of the embryo, seed, and pericarp of the sour cherry (Prunus cerasus) in relation to season of fruit ripening. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 31: 125-44.
• Tukey, H. B. 1935. Growth of the embryo, seed, and pericarp of the sour cherry (Prunus cerasus) in relation to season of fruit ripening. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 31: 125-44.
• Tukey, H. B.; Young, J. O. 1939. Histological study of the developing fruit of the sour cherry. Bot. Gaz. 100: 723-49.
• Tukey, L. D. 1959. Periodicity in growth of fruits of apples, peaches, and sour cherries with some factors influencing their development.
• Uchytil, R. J. 1991. Prunus serotina. ()
• Uva, R. H. 2004. Taming the wild beach plum. Arnoldia (Jamaica Plain) 62: 11-19.
• Uva, R. H. 2003. Growth and yield of beach plum (Prunus maritima Marshall) in horticultural, land restoration, and ecological systems. Ph.D. Dissertation Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY,
• Uva, R. H.; Whitlow, T. H. 2005. Beach plum: a shrub for low-maintenance landscapes. Arnoldia (Jamaica Plain) 63: 19-20. (Prunus maritima 'Ocean View')
• Uwate, W. J.; Lin, J. 1981. Development of the stigmatic surface of Prunus avium L., sweet cherry. Amer. J. Bot. 68(9): 1165-76.
• Vaitkus, M. R. et al. et.al. 1993. Growth and photosythesis of seedlings of five bottomland tree species following nutrient enrichment. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 129: 42-51.
• Waugh, F. A. 1899. The pollination of plums. Vermont Agric. Exp. Sta. Annual Rep. 12: 189-209.
• Webb, S. L.; Willson, M. F. 1985. Spatial heterogenity in post-dispersal predation in Prunus and Uvularia seeds. Oecologia 67: 150-3.
• Webster, A. D. (eds.) (1995): 1995. Cherries: crop physiology, production and uses. CABI. , 464 pages. (ISBN 0851989365)
• Weiss, H. B.; West, E. 1924. Insects and plants of a dry woods in the pine barrens of New Jersey. Ecology 5: 241-53.
• Wen, J. et.al. 2008. Phylogenetic inferences in Prunus (Rosaceae) using chloroplast ndhF and nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences. J. Systematics Evol. 46: 322-332.
• Wendel, G. W. 1972. Longevity of black cherry seed in the forest floor.
• Whelan, C. J.; Willson, M. F.; Tuma, C. A.; Souza-Pinto, I. 1991. Spatial and temporal patterns of postdispersal seed predation. Canad. J. Bot. 69(2): 428-36.
• Whitney, G. G. 1984. The reproductive biology of raspberries and plant-pollinator community structure. Amer. J. Bot. 71: 887-894. (Also Prunus, Uvularia)
• Wight, W. F. 1915. Native American species of Prunus.
• Winstead, J. E.; Smith, B. J.; Wardell, G. I. 1977. Fruit weight clines in populations of ash, ironwood, cherry, dogwood, and maple. Castanea 42: 56-60.
• Yerger, R. W. 1955. Life history notes on the eastern chipmunk, Tamias striatus lysteri (Richardson) in central New York. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 53: 312-23.
• Young, H. W. 1872. Suffolk County plants. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 3:51-52 (1872); 4:41 (1873)
• Zimmermann, M. H.; Jeje, A. A. 1981. Vessel-length distribution in stems of some American woody plants. Canad. J. Bot. 59: 1882-1892.