New York Metropolitan Flora

Key to the genera of Rhamnaceae

1. Leaves 3-nerved from the base; flowers numerous; petals present, long-clawed...Ceanothus
1. Leaves not 3-nerved; flowers few; petals, when present, with short or no claw...2. 

2. Flowers 4-merous ...Rhamnus

2. Flowers 5-merous ...Frangula

List of Rhamnaceae Genera

References to Rhamnaceae

• Baillon, H. 1875. Monographie des Celastracees et des Rhamnacees. Hist. Pl. 6: 1-92. (In French)
• Beille, L. 1902. Recherches sur le developpment floral des Disciflores. Ph.D. Thesis Bordeaux177 p.
• Bennek, C. 1958. Die morphologische Beurteilung der Staub- und Blumenblatter der Rhamnaceen. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 77: 423-457. (In German)
• Bolmgren, K.; Oxelman, B. 2004. Generic limits in Rhamnus L. s.l. (Rhamnaceae) inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence phylogenies. Taxon 53: 383-390.
• Brizicky, George K. 1964. The genera of Rhamnaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 45: 439-63.
• Brown, W. T. et.al. 2001. Volunteer monitoring of nonindigenous invasive plant species in the Adirondack Park, New York, USA. Natural Areas Journal 21: 189-196.
• Burnham, K. M.; Lee, T. D. 2010. Canopy gaps facilitate establishment, growth, and reproduction of invasive Frangula alnus in a Tsuga canadensis dominated forest. Biological Invasions 12: 1509-1520.
• Catling, P. M.; Porebski, Z. S. 1994. The history of invasion and current status of glossy buckthorn, Rhamnus frangula, in southern Ontario. Canad. Field-Naturalist 108: 305-310.
• Clebsch, E. E. C.; Walker, G. L.; Wofford, B. E. 1989. Noteworthy collections, Tennessee. Castanea 54: 48-50.
• Coladoanto, M. 1993. Ceanothus americana. ()
• Coles, I. 1872. Glen Cove, L.I. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 3: 47.
• Converse, C. K. 1984. Rhamnus cathartica and Rhamnus frangula.
• Cunard, C.; Lee, T. D. 2009. Is patience a virtue? Succession, light, and the death of invasive glossy buckthorn (Frangula alnus). Biological Invasions 11: 577-586.
• Dugal, A. W. 1989. Unusual forms of the black buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula) in Ottawa-Carleton. Trail & Landscape 23: 119-121.
• Frappier, B.; Eckert, R. T.; Lee, T. D. 2003. Potential impacts of the invasive exotic shrub Rhamnus frangula L. (glossy buckthorn) on forests of southern New Hampshire. Northeastern Naturalist 10: 277-296.
• Frappier, B.; Eckert, R. T.; Lee, T. D. 2004. Experimental removal of the non-indigenous shrub Rhamnus frangula (Glossy Buckthorn): effects on native herbs and woody seedlings. Northeastern Naturalist 11: 333-342.
• Freeman, C. C. et.al. 1998. Vascular plants new to Kansas. Sida 18: 593-604.
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• Gil-Ad, N. L.; Reznicek, A. A. 1997. Evidence for hybridization of two old world Rhamnus species - R. cathartica and R. utilis (Rhamnaceae) - in the new world. Rhodora 99: 1-22.
• Gill, D. S.; Marks, P. L. 1991. Tree and shrub seedling colonization of old fields in central New York. Ecol. Monogr. 61: 183-205.
• Glenn, Steven D. 1995. Bumblebees (Bombus sp.) visiting flowers of Buckthorn Rhamnus frangula L.
• Godwin, H. 1943. Frangula alnus Mill. (Rhamnus frangula L.). J. Ecol. 31: 77-92.
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• Grubov, V. I. 1949. The monographic survey of the genus Rhamnus L. s.l. Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyss. Rast. 8: 241-423. (In Russian)
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• Heppeler, F. 1928. Beitroge zur Systematik der Gattung Rhamnus mit besonderer Berucksichtigung des Emodinvorkommens. Arch. Pharm. (Berlin) 266: 152-73.
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• Juel, H. O. 1929. Beitroge zur Morphologie und Entwickelungsgeschichte der Rhamnaceen. Kongl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl. 7(3): 1-13.
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• Miers, J. 1861. On the tribe Colletieae, with some observations on the structure of the seed in the family of the Rhamnaceae. Contr. Bot. 1: 232-311.
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